The Anxiety Caused When A Mistake Is Realized Essays -

The Anxiety Caused When A Mistake Is Realized Sigmund Freud believed himself to be a scientist. He believed that he was not a philosopher, just a scientific thinker. Freud carefully thought everything through and always backed up his views. Before any idea went into print, Freud worked hard to make sure that he covered his theories from all angles and that he himself could not disprove one of his theories. As a scientist, Sigmund believed that he must continue to test his theories. While continuing to investigate the workings on the human mind, Freud realized that his views of anxiety tended to contradict each other. In Freud's later years he takes the flipside of his initial view on anxiety. Why does this happen? Well, it is a complicated process in which the complete reversal of ideas seems to shock even Freud. In Freud's book The Interpretation of Dreams, he comes to the conclusion that anxiety arises from forced repression. It is perfectly true that unconscious wishes always remain active. They represent paths which can always be traversed?Indeed it is a prominent feature of unconscious processes that they are indestructible. Since wishes remain active, Freud thought that repression of certain wishes in the id by the superego results in a level of nervousness and indecision in the ego, called anxiety. He believed that since the wish was being repressed, it fought harder to come to the surface causing an internal struggle, which heightened sensitivity to danger. However this early work on the source of anxiety was accomplished using only anxiety-dreams and seems rushed when compared to other topics in The Interpretation of Dreams. It becomes obvious that Freud rushed his initial thoughts on anxiety in his first book, when one reads Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, one of Freud's later works. The book is full of new ideas, thoughts and research. Freud begins this book by delving into the source of neurotic symptoms. He says that symptoms are: a sign of, and a substitute for, an instinctual satisfaction which has remained in abeyance; its is a consequence of the process of repression. Repression proceeds from the ego when the ego [which has been swayed by the superego] refuses to associate itself with an instinctual cathexis which has been aroused in the id. In order to understand this, one must first have knowledge of the id, ego, and superego. Briefly, the id is the human instinct; it is self-centered and seeks complete and instant gratification at any expense. The superego begins to develop later in life (5-8years of age) and is influenced by society. Think of the superego as your conscience. Society and the person create right and wrong. So, it might be said that, the superego is a person's moral character. That leaves the ego, which is the mediator of arguments, in the form of impulses and wishes, from the id and superego. It is responsible for a person's actions. It has the ability to choose which impulses from the id are satisfied. The superego can communicate why a certain action could be harmful to oneself or other people, and the ego must choose if satisfying the wish of the id is worth the risk. Coming back to the previous quote, Freud believes that symptoms arise when the ego decides not to allow correct satisfaction of an im pulse from the id. However, since the ego realizes that something must be done to stop the impulse, it creates a symptom, which indirectly satiates the id. While this seems to work in the short term, problems eventually arise as the id realizes it has been fooled. An example of this process begins with idea of an Oedipus Complex. This is a strong sexual attraction towards one's own mother during early childhood. Freud explains this process by use of a phobia of 'Little Hans'. The young lad had an overwhelming fear of horses, especially horse-bites. Freud relates this fear to a fear of castration by the father. Freud believes that since 'Little Hans' is attracted to his mother, he resents his father and the power associated with his father. However, the boy cannot truly resent his father, without out causing more pain, because of the closeness in the

Statehood essays

Statehood essays Not many Americans think or know about Puerto Rico and the situation they are thinking about every day. Im sure a few Americans dont know Puerto Rico could be the 51st state of America. Their lack of awareness may change only when they discover that the flag has changed to fit 51 stars. From what I read and know there are three choices Puerto Rico is looking at and the debate will continue for many years; Commonwealth, Statehood, or Independence. The Islands political status has been an issue since the U.S. victory over the Spanish in the Spanish-American War of 1898. Puerto Rico has been a Commonwealth of United States for over fifty years. It gives them a right to receive Federal Aid but the citizens could not vote for President. Puerto Ricans were made U.S. citizens and eligible for the draft in 1917 with the Jones Act, but did not get a right to send representatives to Congress. Because of the Islands strategic position, U.S. has a great interest in keeping population contempt and stable. If the Commonwealth continues, Puerto Ricans could preserve their identity, language, and culture and still receive financial support and protection from U.S. government. By totally separating and becoming Independent, Puerto Rico may possibly submit into poverty. Natural resources are virtually absent on the island and manufacturing is owned by many foreign corporations. The population is not educated enough to compete with the more developed countries and will fail. Raising a national military force from nothing and opening embassies around the world are very difficult and expensive tasks, which are unlikely to be achieved. Tourism from U.S. and other western countries is a big contribution to local income. Independence will create a difficulty to travel and continue to have tourism on the island of Puerto Rico. Furthermore, if Independence was such a strong issue, than some kind of rebellion would have taken ...

Tone (In Writing) Definition and Examples

Tone (In Writing) Definition and Examples In composition, tone is the expression of a writers attitude toward subject, audience, and self. Tone is primarily conveyed in writing through diction, point of view, syntax, and level of formality. In  Writing: A Manual for the Digital Age (2012),  Blakesley and Hoogeveen make a simple distinction between style and tone: Style refers to the overall flavor and texture created by the writers word choices and sentence structures. Tone is an attitude toward the events of the story- humorous, ironic, cynical, and so on. In practice, theres a close connection between style and tone. EtymologyFrom the Latin, string, a stretching Tone and Persona If persona is the complex personality implicit in the writing, tone is a web of feelings stretched throughout an essay, feelings from which our sense of the persona emerges. Tone has three main strands: the writers attitude toward subject, reader, and self. Each of these determinants of tone is important, and each has many variations. Writers may be angry about a subject or amused by it or discuss it dispassionately. They may treat readers as intellectual inferiors to be lectured (usually a poor tactic) or as friends with whom they are talking. Themselves they may regard very seriously or with an ironic or an amused detachment (to suggest only three of numerous possibilities). Given all these variables, the possibilities of tone are almost endless. Tone, like persona, is unavoidable. You imply it in the words you select and in how you arrange them. (Thomas S. Kane, The New Oxford Guide to Writing. Oxford University Press, 1988) Tone and Diction The main factor in tone is diction, the words that the writer chooses. For one kind of writing, an author may choose one type of vocabulary, perhaps slang, and for another, the same writer may choose an entirely different set of words. . . .Even such small matters as contractions make a difference in tone, the contracted verbs being less formal: It is strange that the professor had not assigned any papers for three weeks.Its strange that the professor hadnt assigned any papers for three weeks. (W. Ross Winterowd, The Contemporary Writer: A Practical Rhetoric, 2nd ed. Harcourt, 1981) Tone in Business Writing Tone in writing . . . can range from formal and impersonal (a scientific report) to informal and personal (an email to a friend or a how-to article for consumers). Your tone can be unprofessionally sarcastic or diplomatically agreeable. Tone, like style, is indicated in part by the words you choose. . . . The tone of your writing is especially important in occupational writing because it reflects the image you project to your readers and thus determines how they will respond to you, your work, and your company. Depending on your tone, you can appear sincere and intelligent or angry and uninformed. . . . The wrong tone in a letter or a proposal might cost you a customer. (Philip C. Kolin, Successful Writing at Work, Concise 4th ed. Cengage, 2015) Sentence Sounds Robert Frost believed sentence tones (which he called sound of sense) are already there- living in the cave of the mouth. He considered them real cave things: they were before words were (Thompson 191). To write a vital sentence, he believed, we must write with the ear on the speaking voice (Thompson 159). The ear is the only true writer and the only true reader. Eye readers miss the best part. The sentence sound often says more than the words (Thompson 113). According to Frost: Only when we are making sentences so shaped [by spoken sentence tones] are we truly writing. A sentence must convey a meaning by tone of voice and it must be the particular meaning the writer intended. The reader must have no choice in the matter. The tone of voice and its meaning must be in black and white on the page.(Thompson 204) In writing, we cant indicate body language, but we can control how sentences are heard. And it is through our arrangement of words into sentences, one after another, that we can approximate some of the intonation in speech that tells our readers not only information about the world but also how we feel about it, who we are in relationship to it, and who we think our readers are in relationship to us and the message we want to deliver. (Dona Hickey, Developing a Written Voice. Mayfield, 1993) We are not won by arguments that we can analyze but by the tone and temper, by the manner which is the man himself. (Attributed to novelist Samuel Butler)

Questionnaire about ulcers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Questionnaire about ulcers - Essay Example rses have to face significant challenges while extending maximum care to the patients of leg ulcers because these patients undergo severe mental trauma apart from the physical wounds and stress. Additionally there is high risk of contact allergies among these patients and hence they must be treated very carefully (Smart, et. al., 2008). In order to meet these challenges nurses are required to have strong understanding of various concepts associated with leg ulcers. Moreover, they should be given training under the supervision of senior physicians prior to attending serious patients (Wound Care Training, 2013). International practice and research indicates that strongly integrated nursing services can actually reduce the adverse effects of leg ulcers (Harrison, et. al., 2005). Furthermore the use of compression technology has also proved significantly beneficial for the overall treatment of these patients (Harrison, et. al., 2011). 10. Research indicates that only 16% of healthcare providers are confident about their diagnosis and prescription of leg ulcers (Graham, et. al., 2003). Why is that so? How the knowledge and confidence of physicians can be

HR Strategies for Employees Commitment and Engagement Essay

HR Strategies for Employees Commitment and Engagement - Essay Example In this quest, it has been an observation that besides external factors such as market environment, social and cultural influences etc, human resource management (Brewster, 2003, pp. 16-27) has become an imperative tool for employers to ensure their survival and more importantly, their organisational success in the market. In this regard, human resource managers are now having a greater responsibility of ensuring higher productivity and better performance of employees in the organisation. Moreover, a huge number of researchers and experts have carried out studies to understand the role and impact of HR management and strategies on employees’ productivity and performance. Such studies have indicated that various factors play a crucial role in increasing productivity and enhancing performance of the workers, and particularly, employees’ commitment and engagement dominate the list of factors. As the result, recent developments (Brewster, 2003, pp. 16-27) in the field of HR M are now looking towards different human resource strategies that can facilitate organisations in gaining commitment and engagement of their employees. ... On the other hand, employee commitment also falls in the psychological state of an individual; however, the level of commitment determines connection (Guirdham, 2002, pp. 339-345) of the worker with a particular job/task besides his/her presence during it. Experts (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2002, pp. 192-199) have indicated that besides engagement, commitment provides a psychological environment to the employees to acquire an identity in relation to the organisation without which the engagement remains temporary and does not transform into commitment that is essential for organisational success. The paper will now include discussion on various strategies that the human resource managers can employ to ensure both engagement and commitment of employees in their organisation. DISCUSSION Goal-setting It is an observation that organisations always expect maximum performance from the employees; however, they overlook the importance of goal setting and alignment in this process. Experts (Csikszen tmihalyi, 1997, pp. 29-35) have shown that it becomes very challenging for individuals to ensure their engagement to a task if they are unable to match their skills with the task. In this regard, the foremost HR strategy should be identification of an achievable and unambiguous goal since HR departments often forget to focus on these two characteristics of a job, which results in anxiety and subsequently, lack of motivation and engagement with the task. Beliefs and values play a significant role in every society, and therefore, during the setting and alignment of a goal, it is imperative for HR department to ensure sharing of beliefs and values of the organisation with the job task. HR managers often perform this step after selection of the employees; however,

Explain How to Plan Essay Example for Free

Explain How to Plan Essay Define the key concepts and principles of assessment Assessment is the way of finding and documenting that learning has taken place. It also enables you as the assessor to identify if the learner has achieved the required competencies, skill and knowledge needed at the given point of assessment towards their qualification. Assessment need to be a regular process built into the training program. The starting point of assessment is the pre-course information. It must be explained when assessment is taking place and what form the assessment will be in. Criteria for success must also be given. Explain the responsibilities of the assessor Attending meeting, exhibitions, award ceremonies, presentation events; Carrying out assessments in accordance with organisations requirements; Checking the authenticity of any whiteness testimonies; Completing and maintaining safe and secure records; Countersigning other assessor’s judgements; Dealing with any appeals made against your assessment decisions; Following organisational and regulatory body procedures; Identifying and dealing with and barriers to fair assessment; Implementing internal and external verifier’s action points; Liaising with others involved in the assessment process; Making judgements based on the assessment criteria; Maintaining occupational competencies; Negotiation and agreeing assessment types and methods; Making best use of different assessment types and methods; Providing statistics to managers; Reviewing learner’s progress; Standardising practices with other assessors; Supporting learners with special requirements; Working towards relevant qualification; Identify the regulations and requirements relevant to the assessment in your own area of practice The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulation 1981 Provide adequate first aid equipment, facilities and people. Health and Safety at Work (MHSW) Regulations 1999 Assess the risks on anyone who may be affected by their activities. The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 Duty to register and undergo vetting process if working with vulnerable groups Equality Act 2010 Non-discrimination of age, disability, gender, race, religion/belief and sexual orientation. Q2 – Understand different types of assessment record Compare the strengths and limitations of a range of assessment methods with reference to the needs of individual learners ASSIGNMENT – Several activities or tasks, practical or theoretical, to assess various aspects of a qualification over a period of time. Strengths Challenges a learners potential Consolidate learning Several aspects of a qualification can be assessed Some assignment are set with clear criteria by awarding organisation Limitations Ensuring all aspects of the syllabus are covered Can be time consuming to prepare and assess Must be individually assessed with written feedback Assessor may be biased when marking CASE STUDY / SCENARIOS – Hypothetical situation, a description of an actual event or incomplete event, enabling learners to explore the situation. Strengths Can make topics more realistic enhancing motivation and interest Can be conducted individually or in a group Builds on current knowledge and experience Limitations If assessed in a group roles need to be individually assigned an personal contribution assessed Time should be allowed for a debrief Must have clear outcomes Can be time consuming to prepare and assess CHECKLISTS – A list of criteria that needs to be met to confirm that competence or achievement. Strengths Can form part of an ongoing record of achievement or profile Assessment can take place when the learner is ready Ensures all criteria are met and records are kept Limitations Learners may lose their copy and not remember what they’ve learnt ESSAYS – A formal piece of written text that has been produced by the learner for a specific topic Strengths Useful for academic subjects Can check your learners language and literacy skills at specific levels Limitations Not suitable for low level learners Marking can be time consuming Plagiarism can be an issue Doesn’t normally have right or wrong answer so can be difficult to grade Learners need good writing skills EXAMINATIONS – A formal test that should be conducted in certain conditions. Strengths Can be Open Book, enabling learners to have books and notes with them Some learners like the challenge of a formal examination and cope well Limitations Invigilation required Security arrangements before and after need to be in place for papers Learners may have been taught purely to pass the examination Learners may be anxious HOMEWORK – Activities carries out between sessions like answering questions on that day’s learning to confirm knowledge. Strengths Learners can complete at a time and pace that suits them Maintains an interest between sessions Encourages learners to stretch themselves Consolidates learning so far Limitations Clear time limits must be set Learners might not do it, or get someone else to do it for them Must be read/marked and individual feedback given OBSERVATIONS – Watching learners perform a skill. Strengths Enables skills to be seen in action Learners can make mistakes enabling them to realise what they’ve been doing wrong Can assess several aspects of a qualification at the same time Limitations Timing must be arranged No permanent record Questions still need to be asked to confirm understanding Assessor might not be objective with decision Q3 – Understand how to plan assessment Summarise key factors to consider when planning assessment Subjects can be either non-accredited (no formal certificate) or accredited (certificate issued) in which case delivery and assessments are monitored by awarding organisation to ensure guidelines are followed. Therefore before assessing:- You need to be fully aware of the program and the qualification that you are assessing You must confirm relevant policies, requirements and qualifications of the particular subject You must know when the learners are ready to be assessed Evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment Explain how to plan a holistic approach to assessment Explain how to minimise risks through the planning process.

Aaron Burr Essay -- essays research papers

AARON BURR Although Aaron Burr, b. Newark, N.J., Feb. 6, 1756, fought in the American Revolution and became an important political figure, serving a term (1801-05) as vice-president of the United States, he is best remembered today for having killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. The son of a president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and the grandson of another (Jonathan Edwards), Burr could trace his ancestry back to the earliest Puritans. He entered Princeton at the age of 13, graduated at 16, and went on to become a Revolutionary War hero, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel at the age of 21. In July 1782 he married Theodosia Bartow Prevost, the widow of a former British officer. They moved to New York City, where Burr built a reputation as an excellent attorney and made important political connections. He was "the most rising young man in the state," a contemporary noted. Political Career In 1789 Burr was appointed attorney general of New York by Gov. G eorge Clinton. Two years later the state assembly, which was controlled by partisans of Clinton and Robert Livingston, elected Burr to the U.S. Senate. His career in the Senate was not particularly memorable. Hamilton hated him, Clinton soon learned to distrust him, and George Washington refused his request to be appointed minister to France. But in and out of Congress, Burr managed to maneuver so skillfully, and with so much personal charm, that he won the support of many Federalists as well as Democratic Republicans. In 1796 and 1800, Burr ran for vice-president with Thomas Jefferson on the Democratic-Republican ticket. Whatever doubts Virginia Republicans had about Burr--they had not voted for him in 1796--were put to rest when he carried New York City for his party in 1800. It was assumed that the outcome of the national election would follow that in New York, but under the confused electoral system then in use Jefferson and Burr received an equal number of electoral votes for t he presidency (73 each), throwing the election into the House of Representatives. There the Federalists refused to heed the advice of Hamilton and unsuccessfully tried, against the obvious wishes of the public, to elect Burr. Jefferson won the contest and Burr became vice-president. Jefferson doubted his loyalty and soon began to withhold patronage from Burr a... ...a busy and lucrative law practice. He continued to have a strong influence in the public councils, however. He supported a defiant posture toward France during the XYZ AFFAIR (1798), and as inspector general of the army (1798-1800) he took charge of organizing the nation's defenses. Bitterly disappointed in President John ADAMS's erratic leadership, Hamilton openly opposed Adams's reelection in 1800. When it appeared, however, that Aaron Burr might win the presidency over Jefferson, Hamilton unhesitatingly threw his support to Jefferson, whose policies he scorned, rather than to Burr, whom he regarded as a man without principles. This and other opposition by Hamilton so frustrated and angered Burr that he challenged Hamilton to a duel. The two men fought at Weehawken, N.J., on July 11, 1804. Hamilton apparently fired into the air, but Burr took direct aim. Hamilton fell mortally wounded and died the next day in New York. He was buried in Trinity churchyard, New York City. He left his wife and seven children heavily in debt, but friends soon paid off the debts. Hamilton was mourned by his countrymen as one who had devoted his life to the nation's growth in freedom and prosperity.

Confucianism in Chinese Business Culture

History of Chinese Business Lecturer: PU Hualin (George PU) PhD in Economics Associate Professor By: FERENDY BUDIANTO (SIMBA 2012) CASING ARGUMENTS: How does Confucius teaching reflect on ancient Chinese business culture and practice and today Chinese business Culture and practices? DUE: 28th November 2012 IntroductionChina as a civilization is one of the oldest that has lived in the face of the earth, through out history they can pride themselves with abundance of technological and sociological breakthrough that are ahead from the rest of the civilization in the ancient times. As its best China was the most prosperous and highly intellectual civilization especially during the Tang Dynasty, which were synonymous with the golden era of ancient Chinese history.Nowadays, as a citizen in this modern civilization we can never hide away from the impact of china in the global economy, based on a personal point of view the superpower of China today has always maintain the same philosophy, cu lture and tradition as they have always have which could that back the most ancient of times, none more apparent than the language that has been honed and maintain to this day, and also business culture that has always been distinct from the rest of the world.The China of today root back to the beginning of their civilization, therefore the history of China business is a subject that should be keenly approach as the basis of understanding the China of today. In this particular paper we will focus on the root of Chinese business philosophy that branch from Confucianism, we will discuss how Confucianism came to influence the everyday business culture in china lay foundation to the modern Chinese society, from this bjective we will then discuss Confucian ideology on harmony, hierarchy, collectivism and reciprocity within his philosophy. The principles makes up the differences of how Chinese approach business, we can take an analogy of how Chinese pervasiveness in saying ‘noâ€⠄¢ in which Westerners are likely to find it different the way how things come about, but it roots back to Confucius teaching of humanity and etiquettes which consider the embarrassment and potential awkwardness such situations may create and do not want to make others feel ashamed or rejected.In this paper we will research the parameters of the philosophy and how it came to be to further convey the understanding of Chinese business culture. Outline Confucianism is something that embodied China, it is everywhere and it stick to every aspect of a Chinese person daily life, therefore to search on this topic of how to understand what role does Confucianism have in influencing the Chinese Business culture it is to be more aware of what is the philosophy is all about.Firstly we learn the basic of this philosophy, which are the principles that Confucius has laid and preached. These information are attainable through books, websites in the internet, databases, journals and personal observa tion that are carried out during the whole process of the making of this paper. Once we get the basic understanding of Confucianism, we will then try to see how it fits into the Chinese business culture in the past. Literature reviewThe first and foremost literature we will review is the textbook ‘An introduction to Chinese Business culture’ by Xu Huifen, which is the preferred text for the course. The text will be use as the basis of understanding the background and teaching of Confucius, the book provide a good information to help understand the basic philosophy of Confucius and also relate them to other lateral disciples of his teaching such as Mencius and Xun Zi. In addition we will use the text to gain more understanding of the relation of Confucius’ teachings and his follower in relations to conomic thoughts and business culture. Although there a concise amount of knowledge and information on this text we it lacks literal view on the actual business culture and examples on how the philosophy is being practiced, therefore in this particular issue we will try to use other sources. The second source will be the different article and point of views that taken from the Internet. One of the sources that are selected is a presentation titled ‘East meet West: Understanding Cultural Differences when Doing Business in China’ by Dr. Eugene Chang.This source will be use as a guideline to common Chinese business practice and culture, to get us more accustomed to the reality side of the study, and from it we will find connection to Confucianism from the business practice and culture in China. The third source is an academic paper titled The Influence of Confucianism and Buddhism on Chinese Business: the Case of Aveiro, Portugal by Tianbo Li and Gillian Owen Moreira of the University of Aveiro, Portugal. The text gives us great insight to China business today, with data from questionnaires and how Confucianism exists in the world today. he source will be useful affirm hypothesis with real data and also provide knowledge on the Confucianism that is being practice today. Through out the paper we will use several other references and literature that are not as significant as the above texts, these sources and references will further aid our paper. Argument: How does Confucius teaching reflect on ancient Chinese business culture and practice and today Chinese business Culture and practices? History Commerce and trade has always been part of the social system in China for as long as we can remember, and as we know back in the ancient times, usinessman are not as highly regarded during the ancient times when compared to today, as in the ancient times commercial success had never won the respect of the society and Scholars, farmers and artisans was ahead in the social rank based on Confucian scheme of social stratification (xu,2007) . But still, it doesn’t deter businessmen during that time from being wealthy and rich, Chinese businessmen has a long history of being smart, strategic, and agile thinker, which makes them as we can still aware today that they are great businessmen.The beginning of Commercial prominent with the merchant groups that started in Shanxi, Anhui and Zhejiang and Guangdong province, as the former two take advantage of the strategic location in which they were in that became eventually the hub for trading between the north and south part of the country. But the good times for commerce as for other old Chinese tradition were negatively affected when the monarchy came to an end.But the latter two merchants (Zhejiang and Guangdong) has different approach to the trend of decline mainly helped by the strong international influenced and investment put towards coastal and southern cities of Guangzhou and shanghai that resulted with the trade network for these merchant that expand to the western region bring prosperous times for these merchants as well. As two merchant groups f ell out of their luck the other face a different fate and from then we came to know that the ancestral root of China’s modern merchant were the Zhejiang and Guangdong merchants.Business culture in the ancient times for china as mention earlier were divided by four merchant groups that were originated from four different areas, we come to know that Shanxi and Anhui merchant were a more traditional merchant groups, due to ancient China emphasis on political influence more than economical benefits these two merchant groups become the more prominent merchant groups compared to the others due to their close relations with the government therefore ensuring their prosperity with favorable policy by the government to them, and for a long time this has become a huge part of the traditional business model in China until the monarchy ended, which turn its favor to a more to the more independent merchant of Zhejiang and Guangdong merchants. As these two merchants lay the oundation for th e modern Chinese business culture we will explore more the how the teaching of Confucius influenced them. Confucius concept in Business Confucius may not rank businessman in in high society rank, but there is no doubt that his teaching influence the many generation of businessmen up until today. There are many ways in which Confucianism affected how Chinese approach business practice. We start with ideology which we must first understand that Confucian theory work on three principles which were ‘ren’ (humility), ‘yi’ (collectivism) and ‘li’(etiquette), these three concepts run like the blood though the vein within Confucius’ teachings.We can learn from the littlest action to the biggest and most controversial business practice can leads its way to Confucius teachings, but it is still by no means that Confucianism is in every business practice. Within Confucius teachings of harmony are taken and instill into business culture in the same w ay that he believes that society need to maintain harmonious relationship within each other, and also it can apply in finding the correct balance in ethics versus profits. To achieve these harmony there are always ways in which ‘ren’, ‘li’ and ‘yi’ is incorporated and be use as the doctrine to act upon, in ways that ‘ren’ which were filled with kind heartedness, benevolence and goodness, act upon to bring restraint on bad motives to gain profits in ways such as cheating, corrupting and manipulation.As for ‘li’, which brings order, rituals, and hierarchal importance, it is definitely a prominent source to the reason for Chinese importance of politeness, and hierarchical relationship is more importantly emphasized than anywhere else in the world. And lastly ‘yi’ which requires the promotion of collectivism to achieve social stability, we can definitely notice this in the way Chinese consider a proposal from a wider point of view, which consider the impact as a whole. Action influence by ‘yi’ sometimes does not easily received in the West where individualism is more prominent (secondchina. com, 2012). When all ‘ren’,’li’, and ‘yi’ were achieve harmony within the system will be achieved.Second important concept that Confucius based his teachings on is the hierarchical relationships. Within China generally all tend to center around politeness and respect for the dominant figure in the relationship. Confucius specified the relationship of ruler-subject, husband-wife, parent-child, the elder-younger brother, and the friend-friend relationship. Within this concept we feature ‘li’ as the dominant doctrine as it is the source of order, and hierarchical concept aim to achieve order, to apply this concept within the business practice in china, we can see that through the hierarchical status within the the management of a business, or even the relationship within the government and the people.Unlike the more egalitarian approach of the western society, where you can find managers try to break the formalization of ranks by asking a subordinates to call them by the first name, within china this situation will be hard to come by, as this teaching has been invested so deep into Chinese culture. In other example where hierarchical system is important for Chinese is that, we might notice Chinese businessmen reluctant or offended when a more lower rank personnel is assign to handle his matter, and also within a family business which were very common in China, the elder son might take over the management of the company while the father have less responsibility, but when it comes to any important decision it is likely that the son will console the father to make final say.Third concept is Collectivism, which is the power of group over individualism as mention above collectivism is also ‘yi’ which states t hat social stability, in part, depends upon the co-dependence and focus on the family unit. Collectivism is inherent in a Confucian society. In order for Chinese society to operate smoothly, it was necessary to subject one’s own desires to the greater good of the group. In other words, people didn’t exist independently of one another. Instead, an individual was defined by his or her relationship to the group (Chang, 2011). In a business environment especially in the modern times, this is apparent in how there are more emphasis being put to the group performances when it comes to projects within the company and While the opinions of elders have great influence, decisions are often made collectively and reached through a consensus.Lastly there is reciprocity, which is in general definition the practice of exchanging benefits or things. It is in fact something in most western country known as the term ‘the golden rule’ which is to do unto other, as you would want to be done to you. Within the Chinese business culture, it is to always act with respect toward each other, may it be to a subordinates or superior. This last concept in a way balances collectivism and hierarchical concept, with which it provides boundaries that a businessman should conduct themselves, with reciprocity businessmen is preach to always have respect towards everyone whether your in a position of power or not. Confucius in today’s worldNow that we have connected in some dots that connect Confucianism from the realm of philosophy and politics to the business culture that still persist today, we will now try to further understand on how important is Confucianism in today’s world and especially the business world. As we know China has grown rapidly over the past 30 years and it has establish itself as the factory of the world and its just a matter of time until it stake claim to be the largest economy in the world. But among this highlights we also can s ee from the what’s happening with this growth that Chinese businessmen were again on the raise, not since the cultural revolution that halted the economy so much and causing many businessman to flee to country outside of China has businessmen of China has this much claim their respected status of being great businessman.It is comebacks that may have been predicted since the opening of china to the world, a philosophy that during the Mao Zedong Cultural Revolution the philosophy was believe to be the main culprit for China not moving forward. But, it is an underestimation that a philosophy that was created in china and for what it seems a eternity that the basis of Chinese culture surround upon this philosophy, to be replaced by another philosophy of an alien kind. Nowadays Confucianism is everywhere, and it seems the nations supports and feels the needs to rekindle their old philosophy, with books, films, and study programs within the China education system on Confucianism, b ut the most intriguing aspect of the manifestation is its recent adoption by the communist party.As an article from the economist explains since becoming China's top leader in 2002, President Hu Jintao has promoted such slogans, which include â€Å"Harmonious Society† and â€Å"Xiaokang Shehui† (â€Å"a moderately well off society†) which possessed hints of the philosophy of Confucianism. (economists, 2007) Taken from source on the study of the ‘influences and Buddhism and Confucianism on Chinese business’ by Li Tianbo and Gillian Owen Moreira, it is revealed on the importance of Confucianism philosophy are for Businessmen of china considered guanxi which are ‘connections’ as an important part of business in china, along with other Confucius teaching of harmony, politeness etc. n their studies Li and Moreira set out a questionnaires to 550 to 59 different company to each of their personnel and received 288 valid questionnaires back, the ir result are indicative to Confucianism in Chinese business culture with, as the result show when asked about cultural values considered important, â€Å"68. 7% of the respondents selected interpersonal harmony, 62. 6% considered trust, 50. 8% included collectivism, and 46. 5% chose guanxi ( ), followed by endurance, social status, thrift, face and others. These results demonstrate how much importance is attributed to the role of interpersonal harmony, trust, collectivism and guanxi ( ) in successful business in China. † (Li and Moreira, 2007)The study from Li Moreira goes beyond just how Confucianism is perceived today but also how it works in managing a company and its contribution to the Chinese business culture, with many acknowledging its presence, and ready made ideology, that can fit in any business day to day running’s. Conclusions Based on the process of understanding the background of Confucius teachings and the application it has on the business culture in china through out the civilization our argument of how Confucius teaching reflect on ancient Chinese business culture and practice and today Chinese business Culture and practices can be conclude that Confucianism does have a significant impact on the business culture in china, and how businessmen of China mold their thoughts, from simple transactions, managements and ethical view of the company.For me the whole idea of Confucianism is something that has been invested for too long within the Chinese culture that it makes what Chinese people, not just the Mainland Chinese people but also any nationalities with Chinese origins who they are. Even during the times of cultural change something that defines a race cannot be change. The modesty, hierarchical thinking and collectivism is something that cannot be taken away, and for me personally, being a person of Indonesian nationalities with Chinese origin it something that you grown up with, albeit I never actually thought specifically w hat it was, but it felt like it is our identity to act upon Confucianism idea. Having experience a fair share working and understanding with people of two different mindset of both western and Chinese, I notice many differences in approaches that they go about when they do business.I can confirm based on personal experience from the above statement that Guangxi is the most important philosophy ahead of harmony within chinese businessmen, having experience first hand of how connection can get you further ahead than the rest in business but also for western culture I experience and witness how individualism is promoted, having seen this in many western fast food chain where employee of the month award was given and etc. In conclusion, Confucianism I believe was, is and will be everywhere in Chinese business culture, the nature of Chinese culture that support and accepted it are always going to be there as it is a philosophy that has become the norm within everyday life in China. as th e future tilt closer to favor China as the world biggest economy it will only be the matter of time when Confucianism business culture spread and no longer be seen as a culture shock by the western civilizations. ReferencesEconomist, ‘Ideology in China Confucius makes a comeback’, Beijing, May 2007, ‘http://www. economist. com. hk/node/9202957’ Chang, E. , ‘East Meets West:understanding cultural differences when doing business in china’, April 20th ,2011, MeteringChina. com Li and Moreira, ‘The Influence of Confucianism and Buddhism on Chinese Business: the Case of Aveiro, Portugal’, university of Aveiro, Portugal, 2007, ‘http://www. immi. se/intercultural/nr19/tianbo. htm’ University of Florida, ‘CHINESE BUSINESS CULTURE? Confucian Business Ethics – General’, 2009, ‘http://secondchina. com/Learning_Modules/BUS_web/content/BUS_confucian_ethics. html’ Xu , ‘An introduction to Chine se Business culture’, 2007, Jinan University Press.

Intersectionality

Race, Class, Gender, and Sexuality Fall 2010 WGST 304/SOCY 304/ POLI 305/AFRO 398R Section 001 Meeting Times: TTH 9:30-10:45AM Location:Currell College 203 Instructor: Dr. Sharon Lee White Phone: 777-4007(Please leave message) E-Mail: [email  protected] sc. edu Office Hours: By appointment only Course Description: This multidisciplinary course is designed to explore historical and contemporary aspects of race, social class, gender, and sexuality.Focusing on the intersection of race, class, gender and sexual orientation, this course will examine how the confluence of these identities shape the lives of individuals, institutions, and society as a whole. We will also explore the various dimensions of privilege, stratification, and oppression and resistance as well as racism, sexism, classism, heterosexism and the overall systemic nature of these and other â€Å"isms. † Course Objectives/Learning Outcomes: 1. Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the interse ction of race, social class, gender, and sexual orientation. . Students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of how the confluence of the above identities yield complex consequences for individuals, institutions, and society as a whole. 3. Students should be able to discuss the theories about the origins of these intersections and the structures and forces that maintain them and perpetuate their existence. 4. Students will demonstrate understanding of diversity by gender, race, social class, and sexuality. Required Texts: 1. David M.Newman, Identities & Inequalities: Exploring the Intersection of Race, Class Gender, and Sexuality, (McGraw Hill, 2007). Available at the Russell House Bookstore 2. Articles Provided by the Instructor (Posted on Blackboard) 3. Films will be shown throughout the semester to compliment the readings and/or illustrate the themes discussed in lectures and readings. Course Requirements and Grading Scale: |Assignments |Total Points | |Four (4) Exams.E ach Exam will count 100 points |400 | |1 Reflection/Reaction Paper* |100 | |Final Writing Assignment* |100 | |Final Exam |100 | |TOTAL |700 | *See attachment to Syllabus Your Final Grade will be Determined as Follows: Total Points |Numerical Grade |Letter Grade | |662-700 |95-100 |A | |627-661 |90-94 |B+ | |592-626 |85-89 |B | |557-591 |80-84 |C+ | |522-556 |75-79 |C | |487-421 |70-74 |D+ | |452-486 |65-69 |D | |451 and below |64 and below |F | Attendance and other Responsibilities: This is a collaborative class with emphasis on discussion. Participation and attendance are essential if we are to be productive. With this in mind, please be reminded that University policy allows me to drop your course grade by one letter or more if you miss more than 10% (3 for TTH) of our scheduled class meetings and fail you for missing more that 25% (7 for TTH).There is no difference between an â€Å"excused† and â€Å"unexcused† absence, except in extenuating circumstances. For a mor e complete explanation, please refer to The College of Arts and Sciences Undergraduate Student Bulletin. †¢ I will send all written communications to students through Blackboard. Please make sure that you check it regularly. †¢ It is your responsibility to keep up with readings and assignments if you are absent. Please do not ask me for discussion notes that you missed because of absence or tardiness. You may, however, ask me to clarify anything that you did not understand from any of the lectures. I strongly suggest that you get to know and exchange contact information with your classmates. All assignments are due at the beginning of the class on the due date. I will not accept late assignments. †¢ No make-up exams will be given. They will be posted to Blackboard for at least three (3) days. †¢ Please be advised that cell phones, I-pods, Mp3 Players, and other electronic devices should be turned off during class. You may use a computer to take notes, however, if you are observed surfing the net, checking e-mail, etc. , you will be asked to leave and be marked absent for the day. Likewise, if you are caught text-messaging, or reading materials not related to this class (newspapers, magazines, etc. ) you will be asked to leave and be marked absent. Students with disabilities and/or special needs should notify me immediately for assistance with any necessary arrangements and/or accommodations †¢ All students are expected to follow the Carolina Creed. Plagiarism will not be tolerated. If you are caught cheating or plagiarizing, you will receive an F for the course. Please read your Carolina Community Bulletin for the definition and more information on plagiarism. A Special Note: Some materials that we cover in this class may challenge your personal belief and may be quite different from what you or I believe. Due to the sensitive nature of some of the topics, it is important that we try to remain objective.Most importantly, it is my inten t to make this class a â€Å"safe space† for respectful self-expression and sometimes you or your classmates may share personal information pertaining to our discussion. I ask that we keep such disclosures confidential. Course Schedule for WGST 304/SOCY 304/ POLI 305/AFRO 398R Fall 2010 *Please be advised that I reserve the right to alter the syllabus at anytime during the semester. If I find it necessary to do so, I will make an effort to give you reasonable notice of the changes. Please come to class prepared to discuss readings on the assigned date/day

The United Northern and Southern Knights of the Ku Klux Klan

The United Northern and Southern Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Free Online Research Papers Some of our nation’s most horrific and tragic acts of the past 150 years have occurred by the hands of members of the Ku Klux Klan. The organization’s views on racial supremacy, immigration, and social terrorism are well-documented in the annals of history. Observations into a gathering of this group shed light onto the most profoundly influencing characteristic of this culture: fear. This study will examine the art and language, governance, and organizational survival of the culture, and how these elements contribute to the organization’s mission. The meeting - attended by 72 individuals of all ages (including as young as 12), sexes, economic statuses, and professions - was conducted in a town-hall type format, with three male leaders (Phil L., Jesse M., and Bill D.) organizing the event. Participants were encouraged to vocalize their opinions and ideas, and a general sense of camaraderie was fostered among the group. Those not in the culture, however, were unwelcome and generally seen as detrimental to the culture and its members. The culture’s many facets - although not apparent to its members - is one where a fear of loss of identity is the basis of every cultural product. Symbology and Speech Phil L. is the United Northern and Southern Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Volusia County Chapter, â€Å"Imperial Klaliff.† During his speech, Phil L. continually used terminology exclusive to the KKK culture, which was specifically designed in 1915 by Imperial Wizard William Simmons as a means of â€Å"reviving† the movement. (1) Words such as â€Å"Klonvocation† (gathering), â€Å"Kludd† (chaplain), and â€Å"Klaven† (group chapter) are designed to further incorporate the letter â€Å"K† into the organization’s lexicon while maintaining at least a modicum of mystery to outsiders. These language rules were followed strictly; so much so the vocabulary itself became an art form, with a sophisticated canon and style. Those in the audience who used the language incorrectly or verbiage from outside the culture were corrected and, sometimes, admonished. The stringent adherence to the cultural lexicon is deeply rooted in a fear of openness. Bill D., an elder in the group, stated the KKK has always used code words and symbols to identify themselves among their peers, but keep their identities secret to those â€Å"who are out to keep whites from taking their rightful place.† He cited police and government agencies who target Klansmen for arrest and incarceration as a main reason for using secretive language. According to Phil L., the sight of hooded KKK members burning crosses is largely a thing of the past, used mostly at public displays by a small, radical faction of the organization and as propaganda to recruit new members. (2) Instead, the vast majority of today’s KKK uses its cultural images (logo, clothing, and propaganda) less to incite fear among African-American, Jewish, and foreign-born people, and more to identify themselves to each other. At the meeting, nearly every attendee had some form of identifying symbol or marker on him or her - ranging from a tattoo of the KKK cross-and-flame logo to waving Dixie flags to red belt buckles. The markers went beyond mere apparel, however, as there were strict rules defining the usage and placement of these artworks. As with the language, an unspoken canon was developed; again, based on fear of persecution. Throughout the meeting hall, posters of famous Klansmen lined the walls. A special segment of the room was devoted to art created by group members; each of which designed to perpetuate the KKK message. What was perhaps most interesting was the boldness of each of the pieces, which included paintings, drawings, and sculptures. The artists used hard lines and striking colors in their creations. There was, of course, a theme of superiority throughout the works, with images of whites dominating other cultures or icons. In the works depicting individuals, the lack of a pleasant expression was exceptionally notable. The artists portrayed the individuals as angry and violent, which was in stark contrast to the tenor of the meeting itself. While Phil L. asserts violence and anger are no longer a part of the real KKK message, it’s difficult to accept this when the artwork, symbology, and language connote a culture of fear - both afflicted and inflicted. Hierarchical Structure Every culture’s method of governance contributes to the creations and values of the populace, and the KKK is no different. In addition to the specialized jargon the organization uses to identify ranking members, it also employs clothing, seating placement, and preferential treatment to further exalt these members. However, what was perhaps most fascinating was how this aspect of the culture had a loosely defined ceiling. Bill D., clearly the oldest and most anger-filled member at the meeting, was regarded more with tolerance than with respect. His hate-filled rants did not have the riotous impact he had hoped, I believe, and group leaders often interrupted his speeches. Phil L. said Bill D. â€Å"comes from a different generation; one where men were set into action by rage, rather than calculated strategy.† This is culturally significant in that middle-aged members - the new leaders of the organization nationwide - have evolved the ways of the group to conform to the new sensibilities of the larger American culture today. Phil L. and his contemporaries among the KKK know rage-filled acts of violence would no longer be tolerated or effective. Instead, the leaders of the Klan today have created a culture of subversion and subtlety. Their crimes against other races and ethnicities are no longer a physical one. Instead, the Klan goal is to place Klan supporters in various level of government so that a more global approach to suppression can be achieved. Phil L. claims there are â€Å"at least 40 members of the U.S. Congress actively involved in the KKK or Klan-supporting activities.† The structure of the new KKK - especially the individual groups - is very formal, with rituals and ceremonies peppering almost every facet of the group. (3) Persons ascending to ranks of authority are rewarded with new cultural icons (patches with symbols, titles, ribbons), and the desire to advance in the hierarchy is pervasive, especially among the youth. Foundational Fortitude Contrary to Internet reports and information from various media sources, Phil L. says the KKK is alive and more active than ever before. He attributes the survival of the organization to two initiatives: a. The re-focus of the organization’s mission; and b. The commitment to recruiting young members. By placing KKK supporters in positions of power, Phil L. claims the group will enjoy an extended period of new-found prosperity. From a cultural perspective, this strategy has been employed - from the earliest civilizations - to varying degrees of success. The goal is to build the sense of racial and ethnic superiority in places where policy is made to affect change beneficial to that culture. This, I believe, is far more frightening than a hooded figure spewing hate and violence - at least those individuals are open and easy to see. Central to the perpetuation of any culture is the intrinsic need for those to physically progress those values, traditions, creations, and language. Where once the KKK was a closed organization, with the only new members being legacy individuals, the new Klan devotes a great deal of time, effort, and money into the recruitment of young people. (4) The KKK utilizes every part of its culture as recruitment tools, including fear, history, art, action, and desire for change. At the meeting, there were at least 13 members present under the age of 18, the youngest being a 12-year-old girl wearing a Dixie-flag shirt. After speaking with one of the young people, â€Å"Jake T.,† it was clear his participation was due entirely to the tradition of the culture. Jake T.’s parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents were all in the Klan, he said. Jake T. is a talented painter, as one of his works was on display in the art section of the room. His oil painting on canvas, entitled â €Å"Better than You,† was a representative work depicting a sword-wielding white man standing over a slain black man. The detail was exquisite and he made great use of perspective and leading lines to draw the viewer in to the work. When asked why he felt superior to African-Americans, he replied, â€Å"Because we’re just better. We always have been.† His response evidenced a conditioned approach toward racial superiority, perpetuated over more than a century of grooming. His was a microcosm of a larger condition pervasive throughout the KKK group. The social interactions were limited among this observer, many faces were obscured, and conversations within earshot were non-existent. These are all indications of fear-based reactions to an outside invading their culture. Culture of Fear This organization was selected for study because it is part of a mysterious and divisive culture outside of a realm of comfort. Before attending the meeting, the preconception of hate-mongering, venom-filled, distasteful content was expected. What was most surprising was the incredible organization of the group, with clearly defined rules and leadership, and an atmosphere of openness among its members (not available â€Å"outsiders†). It was most disconcerting to learn not only how many people are still active, but also the direction and subversive activities of the group. When examined closely, however, the underlying current of the group - which drives every aspect of their culture - is a tremendous and subconscious fear of loss of identity. This fear is evident in the art, language, activities, promotional material, recruitment, and structure of the culture as a whole. Ironically, the means with which this group historically attempted to alleviate this fear is through fear-inducing activities. This method has largely changed in recent years, but until people - as individuals - can eliminate this terror from their lives, there will always be a KKK and a culture of fear. 1. The Ku Klux Klan Rebounds, Mark Pitcavage, Anti-Defamation League, 2007 2. The Ku Klux Klan A Secret History, The History Channel, DVD, 1998 3. Letter from Cole Thornton, Imperial Wizard, United Northern and Southern Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (http://unskkkk.com) 4. Klan Getting Younger and Stronger, John Meacham, Newsweek, Oct. 2006 Research Papers on The United Northern and Southern Knights of the Ku Klux KlanAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementWhere Wild and West MeetBringing Democracy to AfricaHip-Hop is ArtThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of India

Ancient Indian Empires and Kingdoms

Ancient Indian Empires and Kingdoms From their original settlements in the Punjab region, the Aryans gradually began to penetrate eastward, clearing dense forests and establishing tribal settlements along the Ganga and Yamuna (Jamuna) flood  plains between 1500 and ca. 800 B.C. By around 500 B.C., most of northern India was inhabited and had been brought under cultivation, facilitating the increasing knowledge of the use of iron implements, including ox-drawn plows, and spurred by the growing population that provided voluntary and forced labor. As riverine and inland trade flourished, many towns along the Ganga became centers of trade, culture, and luxurious living. Increasing population and surplus production provided the bases for the emergence of independent states with fluid territorial boundaries over which disputes frequently arose. The rudimentary administrative system headed by tribal chieftains was transformed by a number of regional republics or hereditary monarchies that devised ways to appropriate revenue and to conscript labor for expanding the areas of settlement and agriculture farther east and south, beyond the Narmada River. These emergent states collected revenue through officials, maintained armies, and built new cities and highways. By 600 B.C., sixteen such territorial powers- including the Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, and Gandhara- stretched across the North India plains from modern-day Afghanistan to Bangladesh. The right of a king to his throne, no matter how it was gained, was usually legitimized through elaborate sacrifice rituals and genealogies concocted by priests who ascribed to the king divine or superhuman origins. The victory of good over evil is epitomized in the epic Ramayana (The Travels of Rama, or Ram in the preferred modern form), while another epic, Mahabharata (Great Battle of the Descendants of Bharata), spells out the concept of dharma and duty. More than 2,500 years later, Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi, the father of modern India, used these concepts in the fight for independence. The Mahabharata records the feud between Aryan cousins that culminated in an epic battle in which both gods and mortals from many lands allegedly fought to the death, and the Ramayana recounts the kidnapping of Sita, Ramas wife, by Ravana, a demonic king of Lanka (Sri Lanka), her rescue by her husband (aided by his animal allies), and Ramas coronation, leading to a period of prosperity and justice. In the late twentieth century, these epics remain dear to the hearts of Hindus and are commonly read and enacted in many settings. In the 1980s and 1990s, Rams story has been exploited by Hindu militants and politicians to gain power, and the much disputed Ramjanmabhumi, the birth site of Ram, has become an extremely sensitive communal issue, potentially pitting Hindu majority against a  Muslim minority. By the end of the sixth century B.C., Indias northwest was integrated into the Persian Achaemenid Empire and became one of its satrapies. This integration marked the beginning of administrative contacts between Central Asia and India. Magadha Although Indian accounts to a large extent ignored Alexander the Greats Indus campaign in 326 B.C., Greek writers recorded their impressions of the general conditions prevailing in South Asia during this period. Thus, the year 326 B.C. provides the first clear and historically verifiable date in Indian history. A two-way cultural fusion between several Indo-Greek elements- especially in art, architecture, and coinage- occurred in the next several hundred years. North Indias political landscape was transformed by the emergence of Magadha in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain. In 322 B.C., Magadha, under the rule of Chandragupta Maurya, began to assert its hegemony over neighboring areas. Chandragupta, who ruled from 324 to 301 B.C., was the architect of the first Indian imperial power the Mauryan Empire (326-184 B.C.)- whose capital was Pataliputra, near modern-day Patna, in Bihar. Situated on rich alluvial soil and near mineral deposits, especially iron, Magadha was at the center of bustling commerce and trade. The capital was a city of magnificent palaces, temples, a university, a library, gardens, and parks, as reported by Megasthenes, the third-century B.C. Greek historian and ambassador to the Mauryan court. Legend states that Chandraguptas success was due in large measure to his adviser Kautilya, the Brahman author of the Arthashastra (Science of Material Gain), a textbook that outlined governmental administration and political strategy. There was a highly centralized and hierarchical government with a large staff, which regulated tax collection, trade and commerce, industrial arts, mining, vital statistics, the welfare of foreigners, maintenance of public places including markets and temples, and prostitutes. A large standing army and a well-developed espionage system were maintained. The empire was divided into provinces, districts, and villages governe d by a host of centrally appointed local officials, who replicated the functions of the central administration. Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, ruled from 269 to 232 B.C. and was one of Indias most illustrious rulers. Ashokas inscriptions chiseled on rocks and stone pillars located at strategic locations throughout his empire- such as Lampaka (Laghman in modern Afghanistan), Mahastan (in modern Bangladesh), and Brahmagiri (in Karnataka)- constitute the second set of datable historical records. According to some of the inscriptions, in the aftermath of the carnage resulting from his campaign against the powerful kingdom of Kalinga (modern Orissa), Ashoka renounced bloodshed and pursued a policy of nonviolence or ahimsa, espousing a theory of rule by righteousness. His toleration for different religious beliefs and languages reflected the realities of Indias regional pluralism although he personally seems to have followed Buddhism (see Buddhism, ch. 3). Early Buddhist stories assert that he convened a Buddhist council at his capital, regularly undertook tours within his realm, and sent Buddhis t missionary ambassadors to Sri Lanka. Contacts established with the Hellenistic world during the reign of Ashokas predecessors served him well. He sent diplomatic-cum-religious missions to the rulers of Syria, Macedonia, and Epirus, who learned about Indias religious traditions, especially Buddhism. Indias northwest retained many Persian cultural elements, which might explain Ashokas rock inscriptions- such inscriptions were commonly associated with Persian rulers. Ashokas Greek and Aramaic inscriptions found in Kandahar in Afghanistan may also reveal his desire to maintain ties with people outside of India. After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire in the second century B.C., South Asia became a collage of regional powers with overlapping boundaries. Indias unguarded northwestern border again attracted a series of invaders between 200 B.C. and A.D. 300. As the Aryans had done, the invaders became Indianized in the process of their conquest and settlement. Also, this period witnessed remarkable intellectual and artistic achievements inspired by cultural diffusion and syncretism. The Indo-Greeks, or the Bactrians, of the northwest contributed to the development of numismatics; they were followed by another group, the Shakas (or Scythians), from the steppes of Central Asia, who settled in western India. Still other nomadic people, the Yuezhi, who were forced out of the Inner Asian steppes of Mongolia, drove the Shakas out of northwestern India and established the Kushana Kingdom (first-century B.C.-third century A.D.). The Kushana Kingdom controlled parts of Afghanistan and Iran, and in India, the realm stretched from Purushapura (modern Peshawar, Pakistan) in the northwest, to Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) in the east, and to Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh) in the south. For a short period, the kingdom reached still farther east, to Pataliputra. The Kushana Kingdom was the crucible of trade among the Indian, Persian, Chinese, and Roman empires and controlled a critical part of the legendary Silk Road. Kanishka, who reigned for two decades starting around A.D. 78, was the most noteworthy Kushana ruler. He converted to Buddhism and convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir. The Kushanas were patrons of Gandharan art, a synthesis between Greek and Indian styles, and Sanskrit literature. They initiated a new era called Shaka in A.D. 78, and their calendar, which was formally recognized by India for civil purposes starting on March 22, 1957, is still in use.

Trustees Duties and Powers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Trustees Duties and Powers - Essay Example â€Å"A Trust is an arrangement where one or more persons (the â€Å"Trustees†) hold property for another person or persons (the â€Å"Beneficiaries†). This relationship is governed primarily by the document creating the trust (the â€Å"Trust Deed†) and by legislation and case law. Legal ownership of Trust property is in the Trustees’ names but the beneficial interest belongs to the beneficiaries. The idea behind a Trust is the concept of duty. Trustees are under a duty to deal with the property in their hands in the interests of the beneficiaries. If they do not do so, they will be in breach of Trust and the beneficiaries may seek relief from the courts to ensure that the terms of the Trust are carried out.† Understanding from the above explanation, we find that a trust is an arrangement of one or more persons, who are known as the trustees. Over here, Sally is a trustee. A trustee arranges property, which may also be included as cash money, for the benefit of another person or persons, and those persons are known as beneficiaries. Therefore, from the understanding of the quoted text, we may figure out that under this circumstance, Harry and Caroline. The question is whether George may be included as a beneficiary for the 25,000 USD legacies. With regard to the first question, the trust which Sally had held for George is a secret trust. She has put the 25,000 on her own legacy as the money which is deemed to be distinguished from the main trust beneficial to her 2 children. There are many reasons why an individual might want to have a protective trust against the name of an outsider, however the purpose is to allow a certain sum of money as a safeguard in case of any misfortune or unfortunate event happening in the distribution of the trust. Since Bill is the executor of the will, it is on his discretion to award the legacy of the trust to George. The gift which Sally has given to George is a valid gift under the law of trust and therefore should be awarded to the beneficiary, which is George on the discretion of Bill himself. B) The second question is as follows: â€Å"Harry has, since Sally’s death, been made bankrupt. He asks for money from his trust fund to buy a house for himself Louise and George to live in. † As mentioned before, Harry is one of the main beneficiaries in the distribution of the trust. Even though his mother did not approve of his lifestyle and found him to be irresponsible to carry out the duties as beneficiary properly, there is no denying to the fact that he is indeed one of the beneficiaries and therefore has all the rights under the trust law to claim his stake in the property left by his mother. Understanding from the above statement, only the trustee has the power to assign where the trust is distributed, and the document of trust has the final binding nature with respect to the distribution of the trust property. Over here, Sally had assigned a protective trust to her son of an amount of 500,000 USD to be given to him, and the rest on RSCPA. â€Å"In order to understand a protective trust, it is first necessary to understand the purpose of its establishment. In contrast to an asset protection trust, which tends to be established with the interests of the settler (that is, the individual establishing the trust) in mind, a protective trus