Fdi in retail in india

As India has liberalized its single brand retail industry to permit 100 percent foreign investment, we take a look at the regulatory issues and legal structures pertinent to establishing operations In this new dynamic market. That India should be well on the radar for foreign retailers was recently supported by A. T. Kearney, whose 2011 Global Retail Development Index ranks the nation as fourth globally. India's retail industry is estimated to be worth approximately USS411. 8 billion and is still growing, expected to reach USS804. 06 billion in 2015. As part of the economic liberalization process set in place by the Industrial Policy of 1 991 , the Indian government has opened the retail sector to FDI slowly through a series of steps: The Indian government removed the 51 percent cap on FDI into single-brand retail outlets in December 2011, and opened the market fully to foreign investors by permitting 100 percent foreign investment In this area.It has also made some, albeit limited, progress In allowing multi-brand retalllng, which has so far been prohibited In India. At present, this Is restricted to 49 percent foreign equity partlclpatlon. The specter of large supermarket brands displacing traditional Indian mom-and-pop stores is a hot political issue in India, and the progress and development of the newly liberalized single-brand retail industry will be watched with some keen eyes as concerns further possible liberalization in the multi-brand sector.In this article, we discuss the policy developments for FDI in these two retail categories, with a focus on the details of the multi-brand retail FDI discussion paper and related policy developments. FDI In â€Å"single-brand† retail While the precise meaning of single-brand retail has not been clearly defined In any Indian government circular or notification, single-brand retail generally refers to the selling of goods under a single brand name. Up to 100 percent FDI is permissible in single-brand retail, subject to the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) sanctions and conditions mentioned in Press Note 3[8].These conditions stipulate that: Only single-brand products are sold (i. e. sale of multi-brand goods is not allowed, even if produced by the same manufacturer) Products are sold under the same brand Internationally Single-brand products Include only those Identified during manufacturing Any dditional product categories to be sold under single-brand retail must first receive additional government approval FDI In slngle-orana retall Implles tnat a retall store wltn Torelgn Investment can only sell one brand.For example, if Adidas were to obtain permission to retail its flagship brand in India, those retail outlets could only sell products under the Adidas brand. For Adidas to sell products under the Reebok brand, which it owns, separate government permission is required and (if permission is granted) Reebok products must then be sold in separate retail outlets. FDI in †Å"multi-brand† retail While the government of India has also not clearly defined the term â€Å"multi-brand retail,† FDI in multi-brand retail generally refers to selling multiple brands under one roof.Currently, this sector is limited to a maximum of 49 percent foreign equity participation. In July 2010, the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) and the Ministry of Commerce circulated a discussion paper on allowing FDI in multi-brand retail. The Committee of Secretaries, led by Cabinet Secretary Alit Seth, recommended opening the retail sector for FDI with a 51 percent cap on FDI, inimum investment of IJS$IOO million and a mandatory 50 percent capital reinvestment into backend operations.Notably, the paper does not put forward any upper limit on FDI in multi-brand retail. Immediately following the release of this discussion paper, the shares of a number of retail companies in India grew; domestic retail giant, Pantaloon Retail gained 7 percent on the sam e day, while Shoppers Stop, an Indian department store chain and emerging retailer, gained 2. 9 percent. The long-awaited scheme has been sent to the Cabinet for approval, but no decision has yet been made.There appears to be a broad consensus within the Committee of Secretaries that a 51 percent cap on FDI in multi-brand retail is acceptable. Meanwhile the Department of Consumer Affairs has supported the case for a 49 percent cap and the Small and Medium Enterprises Ministry has said the government should limit FDI in multi-brand retail to 18 percent. In terms of location, the proposed scheme allows investment in towns with populations of at least 10 lakh (1 million), while retailers with large space requirements may also be allowed to open shop within a 10 kilometer radius of such cities.Our view is that while we do expect further liberalization towards foreign investment in the multi-brand sector, this is highly unlikely to be gazetted until after the next elections, due to be co mpleted towards the end of 2012. Any additional liberalization of this market will therefore depend on the political make-up of the next government. Government â€Å"safety valves† on FDI There is concern about the competition presented to domestic competitors and the monopollzatlon 0T tne oomestlc market Dy large Internatlonal retall glan ts.Ine Inalan government feels that FDI in multi-brand retailing must be dealt with cautiously, iven the large potential scale and social impact. As such, the government is considering safety valves for calibrating FDI in the sector. For example: A stipulated percentage of FDI in the sector could be required to be spent on building back-end infrastructure, logistics or agro-processing units in order to ensure that the foreign investors make a genuine contribution to the development of infrastructure and logistics.At least 50 percent of the Jobs in the retail outlet could be reserved for rural youth and a certain amount of farm produce could be required to be procured from poor farmers. A minimum percentage of manufactured products could be required to be sourced from the SME sector in India. To ensure that the public distribution system and the Indian food security system, is not weakened, the government may reserve the right to procure a certain amount of food grains.To protect the interest of small retailers, an exclusive regulatory framework to ensure that the retailing giants do not resort to predatory pricing or acquire monopolistic tendencies. Benefits of FDI in multi-brand retail Soaring inflation is one of the driving motives behind this move towards multi-brand etail. Allowing international retailers such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour, which have already set up wholesale operations in the country, to set up multi-brand retails stores will assist in keeping food and commodity prices under control.Moreover, industry experts feel allowing FDI will cut waste, as big players will build backend infrastructure. FDI in m ulti-brand retail would also help narrow the current account deficit. Additional benefits include moving away from an industry focus on intermediaries and Job creation. Moving away from intermediary-only benefits There is broad agreement on the need to improve efficiencies in the household trade of consumer goods. Competent management practices and economies of scale, joined with the acceptance of global best practices and modern technology, could immensely recover systemic competence.Like their foreign counterparts, Indian customers are entitled to receive quality products, produced, processed and handled under a hygienic environment through professionally-managed outlets. Speculative apprehensions that small retailers will be adversely affected are not reason enough to deny millions of consumers access to roducts that meet global standards. Furthermore, todays intermediaries amid producers and customers add no value to tne products, aaalng nugely to Tlnal costs Instead.By tne time products Tilter tnrougn various intermediaries and into the marketplace, they lose freshness and quality, and often go to waste. However, intermediaries garner huge profits by distributing these losses between producers and customers by buying products at low prices from producers, but selling at extremely marked-up prices to consumers. In an unbalanced system that incorporates multiple intermediaries simply for logistics, nly intermediaries benefit.With organized retail, every intermediate step – procurement, processing, transport and delivery – adds value to the product. This happens because it uses international best practices and modern technology, ensuring maximum efficiency and minimum waste. Organized retail enables on-site processing, scientific handling and quick transport through cold storage chains to the final consumer. Once modern retailers introduce an organized model, other vendors, including small retailers, would mechanically copy this model to improv e efficiencies, boost margins and stay in business.Organized retail would thereby bring more stability to prices, unlike the present system where hoarding and artificial shortages by profiteering intermediaries push up product prices. Job creation Despite predictions from some analysts that millions of Jobs would be lost due to FDI in retail, it may in fact be the other way around. With the entry of branded retailers, the market will increase, creating additional employment in retail and other tertiary sectors. Given their professional approach, organized retailers will allot some quantity of resources towards the training and development of the resources they mploy.This effect of branded retailing can already be seen with the Bharti-Wal-Mart collaboration, which has Joined forces with state governments to open training and development centers in Amritsar, Delhi and Bangalore, preparing local youth for Jobs in retail. Training is entirely free and more than 5,600 local youth have al ready been trained. Retail Jobs don't require higher education or highly specialized abilities. No threat to kiranas (mom-and-pop stores) The Indian retail industry is generally divided into organized and unorganized retailing: Organized retailingOrganized retailing refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, those who have registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains, and also privately-owned large retail businesses. Unorganized retailing Unorganized retailing refers to the traditional forms of low-cost retailing, for example, local Klrana snops, owner-operated general stores, paan/Dee01 snops, convenlence stores, hand cart and street vendors, etc.The question of whether or not organized and unorganized retailing can peacefully co-exist is a primary concern. While the Indian retail sector is still heavily weighted towards unorganized retailers, which occupy 97 percent of the market, organized retail is g rowing quickly. But with a mere 7 percent of the market, organized retailers are unlikely to drive kiranas (local grocery stores) out of business. Indian retailers simply lack the deep pockets and in-depth field expertise required to be on a par with global models.However, the presence of foreign retailers through Joint ventures and other means could speed up the process of transforming India's retail trade. Considering that small stores offer customers quick doorstep delivery and even credit xtensions – conveniences that no organized retailer in India has so far matched – local, unorganized retailers will likely retain a sizeable market share. The example of China demonstrates clearly that increased FDI in retailing does not necessitate the complete closure of local retailers.China first allowed FDI in retail in 1992, capping it at 26 percent, while India capped FDI in single-brand retail at 26 percent. Only in 2004 did China finally permit 100 percent FDI and local C hinese grocery stores have since grown from 1. 9 million to more than 2. 5 million. Organized etail has Just 20 percent market penetration in China, despite a 20 year lapse since the initial introduction of FDI. According to the proposed state regulations, the minimum FDI would be IJS$IOO million and retail stores would only be allowed in cities with more than one million people.Front-end operations would be allowed only in states that agree to authorize FDI in multi-brand retail. It will also be mandatory for retailers to source at least 30 percent of the value of manufactured goods, barring food products, from small and medium-sized, local enterprises. Such terms will serve as ample safeguards for small retailers. Farmers and small producers will benefit in the long run from better prices for their products and produce, while consumers receive higher quality products at lower prices, along with better service.The advantages outweigh the disadvantages of allowing unrestrained FDI i n the retail sector, as successful experiments in countries like Thailand and China demonstrate. In both countries, the issue of allowing FDI in the retail sector was first met with incessant protests, but allowing such FDI led to GDP growth and a rise in the level of employment. Moreover, in the fierce battle between the advocates and opponents of unrestrained FDI flows in the Indian retail sector, the impact of the consumer on the outcome of these policy changes has been largely disregarded.Consumers will ultimately respond to the incentives of convenience, price, variety and service. Thus, the Interests 0T tnose In tne unorganlzea retall sector will not De gravely unaermlnea; rather, the choice to visit a mega shopping complex or a small retailer/sab]imandi is purely left to the consumer, whose tastes are complex and constantly changing.

American Ethnic Literature

The word ‘ethnic’ denotes or derives from distinctive ways of living created by a group of people. Hence, American ethnic literature must be influenced by the ethnic or cultural ties of an ethnic American author, and must reveal to some extent the distinctive ways of living practiced by the ethnic group that the author represents. Biographical criticism entails a deeper comprehension of an author’s work by knowing the essential details of his or her life.Because writers are real people, the literature that they write generally contains reflections of themselves, the kinds of people they encounter in their lives, and the circumstances that they face. Not all people in the United States belong to the white European race. The Indians were settled on our land before the European whites came along to change the history of the land for ever. Africans were initially brought by the European whites to work as slaves on plantations. The Hispanics and the Asians also entered the land as immigrants.Still, the dominant community in the United States, in terms of population, is that of the European whites. Theirs is the predominant culture in America, and their literature is known as mainstream American literature. At the same time, the Native Americans maintain some of their ancient rites, in spite of America’s predominant culture of the European whites. The African Africans continue to be influenced by the music that their ancestors made on the ships that brought slaves to America (McBride, 2007). The Hispanic Americans and the Asian Americans also maintain aspects of their culture through their distinctive languages and foods.Unsurprisingly, these cultural differences must reveal themselves in American ethnic literature as compared to mainstream American literature. American Ethnic Literature 2 All of the different groups representing the Americans today are maintaining their ethnic differences, even if many of their members feel that they are o ne with the mainstream culture. As a matter of fact, it is but natural for the various ethnicities representing America in our time to be maintaining cultural differences, while trying to fit into the mainstream culture.As mentioned previously, the culture of different ethnic groups must reveal itself in the writings of ethnic American writers. When an American ethnic author does not reveal his or her distinctive culture in literature, however, it is reasonable to claim that the person’s writings represent mainstream American literature. Zane, for example, is an African American author of erotic fiction who is writing mainstream American literature. Although the author belongs to an American ethnic group, her writings do not reflect her ethnicity.She sometimes uses middle-class African American characters in her novels, but she also employs white American characters. Even so, an American writer of European descent may also be expected to do the same. Besides, Zane does not ma ke references in her books to her own race as opposed to the Americans of European descent, and neither does she complain about the problems that the Africans have gone through in America. Rather, the characters in Zane’s erotic novels could be people belonging to any number of races (Zane, 2001; Zane, 2005).One of Zane’s novels, Afterburn, is about a chiropractor in Washington D. C. who visits his local bank because he is interested in one of the employees of the bank. He believes that she is too beautiful to be a single woman, which is the reason why he has never asked her out. When American Ethnic Literature 3 he does, however, he finds out that she has a history of disastrous relationships. He, too, has a broken heart. And so, the two of them finally get together (Zane, 2005). While forming their bond, the man and the woman have to meet a variety of characters who add spice to their relationship.The woman has a fickle minded mother, the man has got playboys as budd ies, and then there are lovers from the past that keep trying to disrupt the new relationship. Nevertheless, Zane manages to turn the relationship into a tie of deep love and longing (Zane, 2005). Most importantly, she creates a story that could happen in anybody’s life. Because Zane is an American, her literature must be considered mainstream American literature. She is an African American, but her literature cannot be considered American ethnic literature seeing that it does not solely reflect the culture and values of the African Americans.Instead, Zane is one of those ethnic American writers who appear to have totally blended into the mainstream American culture. On a similar note, Jamaica Kincaid (1990) in her novel, Lucy, presents a nineteen year old young woman by the name of Lucy Josephine Potter who is trying to forget her roots in the West Indies. In the process, no doubt, the girl is trying to blend into the mainstream American culture. Kincaid is an American ethni c writer who was born in the West Indies (Benson & Hagseth, 2001). A biographical critic might assert that Lucy, the girl who came to North America as a nanny, is a reflection of the author.Regardless, Kincaid’s novel about Lucy may be considered American ethnic literature only because it contains glimpses of the author’s ethnicity. Lucy hated her old home, a British colony; and yet memories of her mother continue to haunt her, taking her back to West Indies. Her mother acts as a symbol for Lucy’s motherland. The American Ethnic Literature 4 girl feels emotionally unattached to her mother, and finds a better motherly model in the United States by the name of Mariah, who acts as a symbol for the new land the girl has come to occupy.Mariah replaces Lucy’s mother with respect to the kinds of feelings people are taught by nature or nurture to feel for their mothers. Moreover, Kincaid’s novel establishes a clear difference between Lucy’s mother a nd the character of Mariah. For example, Lucy’s mother was emotionally dependent on her daughter, to the point of becoming an emotional pain. The mother was also neglectful of the needs of her young daughter. Mariah, on the contrary, treats Lucy as a grownup. She exposes Lucy to the museums of America, and gives her presents.She also looks out for the well-being of the young Lucy during the time that she is adjusting to the new environment (Kincaid). Lucy feels far from her roots in West Indies. She would not read her mother’s letters that arrive in the mail. She wants to avoid the emotional pain that her mother brought into her life, by being oppressively reliant on her daughter. Furthermore, Lucy is trying to leave colonialism behind. She had shown rebellion in West Indies toward the oppressive invasion of the British. She had refused to sing in her school choir, â€Å"Rule, Britannia!† Just as her mother keeps on being brought to mind, colonialism surfaces in young Lucy’s flashbacks of West Indies. She wants to get away from it all. In America and on her own, the young girl would like to be an individualist, able to make her own decisions, and forgetting all that was painful and negative about the past (Kincaid). Because the focus of Kincaid’s book is the girl’s desire to blend into the mainstream American culture while forgetting the past, the novel may also be termed mainstream American American Ethnic Literature 5 literature.Given that it describes the author’s ethnicity thoroughly, however, it must be considered in part American ethnic literature. Amy Tan’s (1989) The Joy Luck Club is similarly part mainstream and part ethnic American literature. Containing sixteen stories that revolve around conflicts between old-fashioned mothers who are Chinese immigrants, and modern daughters who have been raised in the United States, the novel describes the mainstream American culture in addition to the Chines e culture. Tan is an Asian American author, and therefore her writing should have been ethnic American in its entirety.However, her writing reveals that an Asian American author feels like an American before she can relate to the Asian experience. Additionally, although the writer tries to bridge the gap between the two cultures that she is supposed to represent by having her characters travel to China, it is a fact that the American experience cannot be discounted by any means. The only ethnic American authors who write American ethnic literature must be ones who reflect solely on their ethnicity in their works, showing utter disregard for the mainstream American culture.The following passage describes some of these authors: During the years preceding the Civil War, America’s ethnic and racial minorities began to publish novels, poems, histories, and autobiographies that explored what it meant to be an outsider in a predominantly white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant society. The r esult was a unique body of ethnic writing chronicling the distinctive experience and changing self-image of ethnic Americans. One of the earliest forms of African American literature was the slave narrative, graphic American Ethnic Literature 6first-person accounts of life in bondage, written by former slaves, including William Wells Brown, Frederick Douglass, and Josiah Henson†¦ These volumes not only awoke readers to the hardships and cruelties of life under slavery, they also described the ingenious strategies that fugitive slaves used to escape from bondage. William and Ellen Craft, for example, disguised themselves as master and slave; Henry â€Å"Box† Brown had himself crated in a box and shipped north. †¦Native Americans, too, produced firsthand accounts of their lives. Among the mostnotable is the Life of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-she-kia-Kiak or Black Hawk (1833), a classic spiritual and secular biography, in which the Sauk warrior explains why he resisted white efforts to seize Indian land in northwestern Illinois during the Black Hawk War (1832). William Apes, a Pequod, published one of the earliest histories from an Indian vantage point in 1836. John Rollin Ridge, a Cherokee journalist, published the first novel by an Indian in 1850, The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta, which recounts the heroic adventures of a Robin Hood–like bandit in California who protects Mexican Americans from white exploitation. Much more than a simple adventure story, this novel is also a thinly veiled protest of the treatment of Native Americans by someone who had personally experienced the removal of the Cherokees from their tribal homelands in Georgia (â€Å"American Ethnic Literature,† 2007). Such is truly American ethnic literature. It focuses solely on the ethnicity of the author, while disregarding if not rejecting the mainstream culture.On the other hand, novels by ethnic American authors that reveal the differences between mainstream Americ an culture as opposed American Ethnic Literature 7 to the authors’ respective ethnicities are not true American ethnic literature. This is due to the fact that the authors as well as their characters have attempted to blend into the mainstream culture by getting rid of their ethnic identities to a large extent. American Ethnic Literature 8 References American Ethnic Literature. (2007). Digital History. Retrieved September 24, 2007, fromhttp://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/database/article_display. cfm? HHID=646. Benson, K. M. , & Hagseth, C. (2001). Jamaica Kincaid. Voices from the Gaps. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from http://voices. cla. umn. edu/vg/Bios/entries/kincaid_jamaica. html. Kincaid, J. (1990). Lucy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. McBride, J. (2007, April). Hip Hop Planet. National Geographic. Tan, A. (1989). The Joy Luck Club. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Zane. (2001). Addicted. New York: Atria Books. ——. (2005). Afterburn. New York: Atria Books.

Bruce Lee Speech

Gangs ruled the city streets and Lee was often forced to fight them. Bruce’s street fighting began to escalate * Eventually, Lee’s father decided for him to leave Hong Kong to pursue a safer and healthier avenue in the United States New Life in America While in the United Lee abandoned thoughts of a film career in favor of pursuing martial arts but a martial arts exhibition on Long beach led to the invitation for the role of Kato in the Green Hornet and many other movies including the big Boss which was a big success and catapulted him to stardom. Followed by Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon where he was given complete control of the film’s production as the writer, director, star, and choreographer of the fight scenes. * In 1964 Lee had met Karate champion Chuck Norris. * In the movie Way of the Dragon He introduced Norris as his opponent in the final death fight. Today considered one of Lee’s most legendary fight scenes and one of the most memorable fight scenes in martial arts film history Essentially bruce lee became obsessed with martial arts and fitness FITNESS AND NUTRITION * HIs interpretation of keeping in shape was constant daily workouts. His workout consisted of three categories: martial arts sparring, weight training, and extensive AB training. * The workout first consists of hours upon hours of martial arts sparring. Secondly, a series of heavy weight training of his main muscles. Finally, is his extensive workout towards his ABs. Bruce Lee’s favorite muscle was his ABs and whenever he had time, such as watching TV, he would do sit-ups or crunches. Bruce Lee had what most people called â€Å"washboard ABs† and was not afraid to show it, you can see this in almost every fight scene he had in his films. * PHYSICAL FEATS: Lee could land a punch in around five hundredths of a second (0. 05 second) from 3 feet away * Lee could snatch a dime off a person’s open palm before they could close it, and leave a penny behind * Lee performed one-hand push-ups using only the thumb and index finger Bruce not only took care of his body by working out but as well as having a proper nutrition. Lee took nutrition seriously and his diet consisted high-protein drinks, vitamins, mineral supplements, green veggies and fruit every day. UNFORTUNATELY HE SUFFERED A SUDDEN DEATH ON DEATH AND LEGACY: * On July 20, 1973, just one month before the premiere of  Enter the Dragon, Bruce Lee died in Hong Kong at the age of 32. The official cause of his sudden and unexpected death was a brain edema, found in an autopsy to have been caused by a strange reaction to a prescription painkiller he was reportedly taking for a back injury. Controversy surrounded Lee’s death from the beginning, as some claimed he had been murdered. Summary: * Bruce Lee, pound for pound, was arguably the greatest fighter of our time. Twenty-four years after his death, he remains the standard by which all other fighters are measured. His passion, skill, charisma, philosophy, and innovative martial arts concepts brought him worldwide acclaim– incredibly, all by the age of 32. In such a short span, Lee managed to accomplish more than most of us will ever achieve in our lives. Bruce Lee Speech Gangs ruled the city streets and Lee was often forced to fight them. Bruce’s street fighting began to escalate * Eventually, Lee’s father decided for him to leave Hong Kong to pursue a safer and healthier avenue in the United States New Life in America While in the United Lee abandoned thoughts of a film career in favor of pursuing martial arts but a martial arts exhibition on Long beach led to the invitation for the role of Kato in the Green Hornet and many other movies including the big Boss which was a big success and catapulted him to stardom. Followed by Fist of Fury and Way of the Dragon where he was given complete control of the film’s production as the writer, director, star, and choreographer of the fight scenes. * In 1964 Lee had met Karate champion Chuck Norris. * In the movie Way of the Dragon He introduced Norris as his opponent in the final death fight. Today considered one of Lee’s most legendary fight scenes and one of the most memorable fight scenes in martial arts film history Essentially bruce lee became obsessed with martial arts and fitness FITNESS AND NUTRITION * HIs interpretation of keeping in shape was constant daily workouts. His workout consisted of three categories: martial arts sparring, weight training, and extensive AB training. * The workout first consists of hours upon hours of martial arts sparring. Secondly, a series of heavy weight training of his main muscles. Finally, is his extensive workout towards his ABs. Bruce Lee’s favorite muscle was his ABs and whenever he had time, such as watching TV, he would do sit-ups or crunches. Bruce Lee had what most people called â€Å"washboard ABs† and was not afraid to show it, you can see this in almost every fight scene he had in his films. * PHYSICAL FEATS: Lee could land a punch in around five hundredths of a second (0. 05 second) from 3 feet away * Lee could snatch a dime off a person’s open palm before they could close it, and leave a penny behind * Lee performed one-hand push-ups using only the thumb and index finger Bruce not only took care of his body by working out but as well as having a proper nutrition. Lee took nutrition seriously and his diet consisted high-protein drinks, vitamins, mineral supplements, green veggies and fruit every day. UNFORTUNATELY HE SUFFERED A SUDDEN DEATH ON DEATH AND LEGACY: * On July 20, 1973, just one month before the premiere of  Enter the Dragon, Bruce Lee died in Hong Kong at the age of 32. The official cause of his sudden and unexpected death was a brain edema, found in an autopsy to have been caused by a strange reaction to a prescription painkiller he was reportedly taking for a back injury. Controversy surrounded Lee’s death from the beginning, as some claimed he had been murdered. Summary: * Bruce Lee, pound for pound, was arguably the greatest fighter of our time. Twenty-four years after his death, he remains the standard by which all other fighters are measured. His passion, skill, charisma, philosophy, and innovative martial arts concepts brought him worldwide acclaim– incredibly, all by the age of 32. In such a short span, Lee managed to accomplish more than most of us will ever achieve in our lives.

Dividend policy at Linear technology Case Study

Dividend policy at Linear technology - Case Study Example The paper tells that Linear technology has used all four types of dividend distributions. The company has used stock splits four times since its initial public offer (IPO) in 1993, 1996, 1999 and 2000, each of which has been 2 for 1 split. The company has also had share purchases every year since 1993 and every year thereafter except in 2000. Most of these share repurchases were done in 2002 and 2003. The dividend policy that Linear Technology chooses at a particular point in time will depend on a number of factors. These factors include the signal it wants to send to its shareholders, the need for funds to invest in new projects, the type of shareholders that the firm has, and the amount of cash the firm has at its disposal. The method of dividend payment should also depend on the tax implications. Linear Technology does not appear to be investing in any new projects. The figures also indicate that research and development expenses have declined since it reached its peak in 2001. Th is signifies that the company has to a certain extent run out of ideas. It is therefore sending the wrong signal to its shareholders who may believe that the company’s growth prospects are good. The only technology company that showed signs of consistent growth over the period has been Microsoft. Linear seems to be totally focused on satisfying shareholders in terms of dividend payouts and maintaining a positive cash flow. There is no mention of any new projects or initiatives to grow the business. If Linear Technology wants to grow it could obtain a loan easily because the company does not currently have any debts. Furthermore, interest on corporate debt is tax exempt and the interest rate on AAA rated corporate debt has fallen every year since 1995. This may help to increase the value of the company and also increase the returns on shareholders funds. An advantage of using debt to fund growth is that interest paid on loans is allowable as a deduction for tax purposes while a dividend is not. Funding Requirements Linear technology desires to have sufficient cash flows so that the company can withstand any financial crisis. The company however, has the capacity to obtain debt. Linear technology manages it payroll expenses by issuing stock options to compensate employees. Therefore, when the company does well employees receive a higher profit share and so the company is able to maintain a positive cash flow as well as pay out dividends on a quarterly basis. Available Resources The company has a significant amount of cash available and this can be backed up with its capacity to borrow. Linear currently has over $1.5m in cash and short term investments. This may not however, be sufficient to finance a major project but would become useful in the company’s bid to obtain a loan as it would provide a cushion in the event that the company is not able to pay interest expenses out of regular earnings. Costs and Benefits of Retaining Excess Funds Retaining excess funds can result in agency costs. Managers may be tempted to pay themselves excessively. It is more likely that they may not exercise care in the use of such funds since the pressures that normally arise from having limited funds do not exist. This lead to a waste of funds that could have been used to pay dividends. The benefits of retaining

Marketing case write up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing case write up - Essay Example McGraw intends to retain Oscar Mayer’s (OM) reputation within Kraft Foods as the fastest growing profit maker, and hopefully achieve a +4% volume growth and +15% profit growth for the coming year. His division has two business lines: the traditional OM meat-based products line and the recently acquired/fast growing Louis Rich (LR) turkey-based products line. He has to tailor his strategy which would balance the interests of both lines and yet, achieve his targets. Strengths: OM products enjoyed customer confidence for nearly 100 years, and contribute a massive 82% or $110 MM of the total profits. Acquisition of LR and investment in its line of white meat products has proven to be a strategically wise decision, as shown by the strong volume growth of its products. Weaknesses: There is a significant shift in consumer preference towards less fat/salt food products, i.e., the LR line, while OM line has been giving the maximum profits; its prices are out of tune with the market. Investment costs for acquisitions and/or A&P to buttress LR business will further depress OM business and depress short-term profits; competition from unbranded products will add to the pressure on pricing and bottom line. LR products are susceptible to copying. In terms of convenience, taste, price and customer satisfaction factors, there is a greater negative bias on OM products. OM’s frozen product ‘stuff n burger’ has not been an outstanding success. Opportunities: LR product line business is showing promise of further growth, albeit at the expense of OM product line. LR can add further range to its existing products through in-house R&D efforts that are already underway. Or, it can acquire one or more mid-size firms dealing in white meat products to complement present facilities and products. Threats: Consumers are shifting to healthier and more convenient foods, directly impacting OM range. LR range of products is easy to copy and competition from branded as well

Although the United Nations Has Led the Way in Developing Essay

Although the United Nations Has Led the Way in Developing International Human Rights l - Essay Example In general, the two Covenants on Human Rights of 1966 for the United Nations human rights system really emphasise the assessment of the periodical reports that are filed by respective state parties at periodical time phases to the United Nations Human Rights Committee.(hitherto will be known as committee). In addition to this, the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) introduce oversight through controversial procedure in the guise of an inter-state complaint2.Further, the First Optional Protocol to this Covenant permits an individual to request for an assessment of a said infringement of the covenant3. However , the UN committee referred above is not toothed with adequate authority and hence , being criticised as â€Å" in no sense a court of law † which can be regarded as less competent as compared to the Inter-American or European Court4. One of the efficient ways of guaranteeing honour for human rights is to submit the said infringements or queries t o an international judicial setup. However, under international community, it is very arduous to implement such submission as international community is very vigilant about any sort of judicial review or statement5. It is to be noted that the mechanism for human rights protection not only existing on the international level but also on the regional level like the â€Å"American Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights.† The Inter-American Court and Commission and the European Court of Human Rights, have poignant authority to ensure the effective safeguard of the rights that are highlighted in the relevant conventions. Further, the verdicts made by these institutions are as effective as national court’s verdicts. As already seen, the UNHRC (the United Nations Human Rights Committee) created under the International Covenant on Civil and Po litical Rights (ICCPR) has the authority to look into complaints made by the individual on said human rights infringement. However, the UNHRC is in short of poignant authority to be as effective as the regional human rights courts in America and in Europe. This research paper evaluates the efficacy of the UNHRC through a comparative evaluation. The comparison between the regional and international human rights committee is being carried over on the following grounds; The visibleness of such courts ,particularly in the public domain To pursue interim steps to bar the frustration of such infringement The ability and fact finding calibre of the Court The implementation of final verdicts and the follow-ups thereto. Analysis It is to be noted that in spite of existence of statutory shortcomings of both the Covenant and the Optional Protocol, the UNCHR can function in an efficient way as that of regional human rights courts without amending these instruments. This can be reality if the co mmittee’s interim measure is given a binding status; further, through the reversal of burden of proof, the committee can surmount the lack of its autonomous fact-finding capacity. Further, the UNCHR should enhance its visibility and should give wide publicity of its verdicts, and the committee should see that compliances by states with its final, up-to-point binding verdicts.

Decisions in Paradise II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decisions in Paradise II - Essay Example This paper will analyze the strategies that can be formulated and implemented by The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf (CBTL) in Kava to strengthen its presence. As Force-Field Analysis focuses on â€Å"understanding the factors that would drive strategies and those that would hinder them†, CBTL can analyze both the driving and hindering factors to come up with an optimal plan. (United Nations Public Administration Network). In the case, the decision making process was initiated by Nik and Alex to tap the opportunities or the driving forces that was available in the island of Kava. The first strategy that can be driven by various factors is the launching of a pan island Newspaper. Good decision-making starts from the right place (Paul and Elder). This initiative can exhibit how CBTL can launch any new initiative in an entirely new setting and importantly can exhibit its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to the citizens of the Kava, as newspapers are key mediums of social activism. As these factors will act has a key driving force, the company can launch the next set of actions, which includes setting up a printing office in Kava. In both the printing section as well as in the newspaper content creating section, local people can be recruited. This step will also take care of CSR angle, as the local population will get good employment.

Ethic Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethic - Movie Review Example From the film, the bankers acted in a questionable manner because of how they sold the mortgages. A lot of people with experience in the financial companies were interviewed such as top executives such as Raghuram Rajan, Dominique Strauss-Khan and Glenn Hubbard (Ferguson). The bankers provided the consumers with credit despite knowing that some consumers had low credit scores. 20 or 30 years ago, banks would tell consumers who could not afford to buy mortgages that they would not get loans. However, in the film it is clear that such kind of advice is not taken cautiously because the bankers allowed the consumers to buy houses that they could not afford. In another scene, viewers can see that the people who could not afford the mortgages were now living in tents and jobless. The actions of the federal regulators, economic academics and politicians were well captured showing that they did not do anything that would help in regulating the finances. In one of the scenes, one of the interviewee indicates that there was a continued deregulation of finances and â€Å"they knew what was happening† (Ferguson). In addition, most of the people in these groups are noted in some scenes to be paid excessively. For example, in one of the scenes, when the narrator Matt Damon asks what he thought of wall-street incomes, the interviewee said it as an excessive amount. There were those who earned as much as $485 million and 80 million (Ferguson). All the parties mentioned above relied on the moral philosophy of ethical relativism to justify their actions. In ethical relativism a person holds the view that there is no moral right or a moral wrong. Therefore, the person believes that he or she should act in their own interest. In this light, it is not difficult to see why the employees and employers in the wall-street financial companies decided to self-regulate themselves.

Financial Issues, Marketing Function and Human Resources in Management Essay

Financial Issues, Marketing Function and Human Resources in Management - Essay Example Organizing: Organising refers to the process of grouping the related activities and assigning them to a manager with authority to supervise it, organizing is an essential function that makes the plans operational by identifying and classifying necessary activities. 3. Staffing: Ascertain how many positions are there in the organization and at what level. Once this information is available, the next task is to collect details such as what type of candidates is required for each position, and accordingly, fill up these positions with the right people. Staffing is a process which includes recruitment, selection, training, placement, appraisal, promotion, and career planning. 4. Directing: After filling the positions in the organization with the right kind of people, the next task is to guide and enable them to achieve the common goals. It Includes;(a). Leading: It is a decisive function of the management in which the worker's employees are led and directed so that the objectives of the organization will be successfully achieved. (b). Motivating: It is one of the most important processes which are stimulating the employees to perform more effectively using their abilities and full potential. (c). Communicating: It is a process of creating, transmitting, and interpreting messages, ideas, facts, options, and feelings.(d). Coordinating: It is a process of measuring the current performance of the employee and assesses whether the given objectives are achieved or not.Now we shall discuss the issues in the management.... successfully achieved. (b). Motivating: It is one of the most important processes which are stimulating the employees to perform more effectively using their abilities and full potential. (c). Communicating: It is a process of creating, transmitting, and interpreting messages, ideas, facts, options and feelings. (d). Coordinating: It is a process of measuring the current performance of the employee and assess whether the given objectives are achieved or not. Now we shall discuss about the issues in the management which a manager should consider and study deeply when planning development, we will begin with the financial issue which should be considered first as no firm can run nicely without enough finance. Financial management is a service activity which is associated with providing quantitative information, of financial nature and that this may be needed for making economic decision regarding the choice among alternative course of actions. Financial management is that specialized function of a general management which is related to the procurement of financial and its effective Utilization for the achievement of the goal of the organization.In the past few years financial management has undergone significant changes as regards its scope and coverage. As such the role of finance manager has also undergone fundamental changes over the years. Profit maximization is not considered as basic idea for making investment and financing decision. The financial management of a firm has to make three important decisions. (1) Investment decision i.e., where the invest funds and in what amount. (2) Financing

Ecological Footprint Reflection (Environmental Sustainability) Term Paper

Ecological Footprint Reflection (Environmental Sustainability) - Term Paper Example In practical approach one’s own personal life style (related to food, mobility or waste) is selected and its ecological footprint is analyzed for four weeks and then reduction strategies (intervention) were employed for that particular life style for the next four weeks. Then a comparison was brought in to see how the reduction strategies affected one’s Ecological foot print. The aim of this project was to analyze baseline food consumption based on calories and the reduction strategy was employed to reduce the calorie intake and to have a healthy diet. The 9th week, which was the first week of intervention failed miserably as that week alone had a large consumption; 1450 ml of alcoholic beverages, 1000ml of ice cream, 1.10 kg of fried chicken, 5 eggs and 4.48 kg of rice put together sums up a large intake of calorie, this high intake was associated to socializing with friends. The following weeks of intervention was more successful as both alcohol and ice cream consumption fell to 500ml each in the 2nd week to nil in the next two weeks for both. Alcohol has a high calorie content of 7 calories per gram and so reduction in alcoholic beverages can have good effect on the ecological footprint. This intervention any way had an effect on the overall alcohol consumption; 2250 ml in baseline tracking (4 weeks) compared to only 1825 ml on application of reduction strategy (4 weeks). At the same time ice-cream consumption was same for both the base line and intervention period. In the meat section the four week reduction strategy helped to reduce consumption of beef from 2.75 kg of initial four weeks (baseline) to 0.80kg and at the same time consumption of pork was reduced from 0.20 to 0.10 kg .Beef provides an enormous amount of calories on an average 250Kcal per 100gram. Pork contains high amount of non healthy fat. The intervention was not successful in reducing consumption of

Malachi Stacks in the Matchmaker Essay Example for Free

Malachi Stacks in the Matchmaker Essay In the world of business there are always those men and women who are not recognized for the contributions they make to certain products, projects, or works even though without them the result would never exist. Nonetheless, these people go on with their daily lives working hard, knowing that all their dedication is going to benefit others and not them. Yet, they can’t blame the big companies for not being recognized, because these men and women do this willingly. They are fully aware that their actions serve a purpose to the greater rather than a personal one, and for them that is enough. Such people do not need the recognition of others because they themselves know the importance of their actions. One example of such a human being is portrayed in Thornton Wilder’s The Matchmaker. His name is Malachi Stacks, and though he only shows up on stage two or three times, he is the one who gives the entire production meaning. Malachi is the person who sets into motion a series of events that completely change not only the characters, but also their lives. With this character, Thornton Wilder takes what used to be just a regular farce comedy and gives it meaning which makes all the difference, Malachi Stacks makes all the difference. Thornton carefully crafted the role of Stacks in such a way that made him distinct from the rest of the characters. Even with being in his fifties, sadness and depression are entirely absent from his life. Every line spoken by him has a joyful feeling to, and almost puts a smile on the reader’s face. Even at times when he is being put down by Mr. Vandergelder, joy is felt in his words. Wilder makes Malachi seem like a little adolescent, who has not yet been exposed to reality, and still thinks the world is perfect. However, all this is just an image that Malachi establishes for his own purposes. He makes people believe he can be trusted by pretending to be respectful and following orders. Malachi creates a relationship between himself and the others, especially Mr. Vandergelder, which makes him seem gullible and easy to control when in fact it is he who controls them. This sort of maneuver is portrayed very well in his first scene with Mr. Vandergelder, in which he says â€Å"You’ll never regret it, Mr. Vandergelder. You’ll never regret it.† It is such a simple line, and yet there is so much there. Malachi makes it seem like he is just another man who is happy about getting a job, when in reality he is masking his true intentions behind these innocent words. The real reason Malachi is happy to have gotten the job, is because he now has the ability to fix the inequality which exists between Vandergelder and the others. Truth be told, Malachi is actually the only individual who see this flaw amongst the characters, and he knows it should not be there. Therefore, by formulating this sort of innocent personality, Malachi Stacks gives himself the perfect opportunity to finally bring equality into the lives of the characters. It all happens in Act III when Mr. Vandelgelder is having his coat taken off as his purse filled with money falls to the ground. Malachi, knowing that the primary reason for such inequality amongst the characters is their financial situations, takes his chance to balance the scale. However, he does not make a big deal out of it. Malachi simply takes the purse, asks Vandelgelder if it’s his, and since the response is no he gives it to Cornelius. It’s very quick, subtle, and seems like the right thing to do. Yet, even though what he did was so simple, it was enough to bring equality into their lives and he knew that. By asking Vandergelder whether or not the purse was his, Malachi tested him to check if he deserves the money. For in his short little monologue that he has right after picking up the purse, Mr. Stacks says â€Å"The law is there to protect property, but- sure the law doesn’t care whether a property owner deserves his property or not, and the law has to be corrected†. Therefore when he asked Vandelgelder â€Å"Did you drop something† the real question was â€Å"Are you worthy of all this money that you have†. Vandelgelder responding quickly said no, and that was enough for Malachi to know that the money deserved to be in the hands of someone else, Cornelius. It is also at this point that inequality begins to slowly disappear between the characters. First, Cornelius and Barnaby are able to pay for their expensive dinner and truly impress Mrs. Malloy along with Minnie. Then Mrs. Levi finally tells Mr. Vandergelder what she thinks of him when he cannot pay the bill, and that is when he finally realizes what kind of man he is. Slowly through scenes like these, the balance between the characters begins to even out and by the end, everyone is happy, joyful, and most of all the inequality amongst them completely vanishes all thanks to Malachi Stacks. Though Thornton chose Malachi to be the tool for equilibrium amongst the characters by having him â€Å"redistribute the superfluities†, the part also is important when it comes to the moral of the story. Of course, after reading The Matchmaker it safe to say that there are multiple lessons to be learned from this play, but one of the main ones shows up in Malachi’s monologue. Right after discussing the entire matter of redistributing property, Thornton has the character talk about how one man should not have more than one vice. In fact, he ends his line with the words â€Å"One vice at a time†. Now this entire concept might seem abstract, because after all even in today’s world vices are looked down upon. However, Thornton shows what two vices can do to a man by having Malachi use Vandergelder’s wrongs against him. His first true frailty is that in his own world Mr. Vandergelder sees himself a king, where no one can stop him because he has so much money. The second is his passion for money. In fact, his first vice comes from this one, because to him a person who has more money has more authority. So instead of merely having Vandergelder destroy himself through his vices, Thornton uses Malachi to show how having more than one vice is recipe for destruction. First, he uses Vandergelder’s attitude towards himself to gain his trust, by pretending to be loyal to him. Next, once Vandergelder thinks he has him under his control, Malachi uses the second frailty against him taking that which is most precious, his money, and giving it away. By using both of these flaws in his master’s character, Mr. Stacks brings Vandergelder into a state of despair where he has lost everything that made him, a King in his own mind. One man. Three Scenes. Yet without him, The Matchmaker would never be the same. Thornton Wilder made a smart decision in imgaging such a character, because he is developed in such a way that his importance to the whole play is not realized until the conclusion. For with just a simple action of handing off a purse to Cornelius, Malachi made a ripple effect which changed the course of the entire production and made all the difference. Malachi Stacks made all the difference.

Social Networks and Their Effects on Teens Essay Example for Free

Social Networks and Their Effects on Teens Essay Social Networks such as Facebook are used by teenagers all over the world, but the effects from having a profile page online may be detrimental. Profile pages online are filled with photos, personal information, interests, and dislikes, comments from friends and other information. All of this information can cause premature opinions of all the teens associated with these pages and personal relationships could be affected. Having an online profile page is almost like a popularity contest; teenagers vie for friends, but do not realize that these profiles can cause depression, embarrassment, gossip and lies. The use of social networks can affect real life teens and their personal relationships in very adverse ways. When a teenager creates a profile page on Facebook, their first objective is to see how many friends they can acquire. As the friend totals increase so does the popularity of the profile page owner; this is the beginning of the â€Å"unofficial† popularity contest. Photos are uploaded, statuses are typed, comments made, â€Å"likes† are displayed and friend requests are sent out; the more activity happening on the page, the more popular this teenager looks. Numbers become very important, Shalaka Gole states, â€Å"Facebook easily points out the difference between those that have a lot of friends and those that dont† (1). Some teenagers take it too seriously and become almost distraught because they don’t have many friends on their list or they can become too egotistical because they have so many. The next objective a teenager has is to post a picture known as the profile picture. The profile picture is the one that everyone sees when viewing the profile so it has to be perfect. When a teenager first posts their picture(s), they wait for comments and â€Å"likes†. Sometimes they sit and wait and sometimes they don’t get any. If they don’t, they begin to feel as though they are not liked and they think less of themselves. The teenager may think that they posted the greatest picture but others may not think so and actually write disrespectful comments. Again, there is the egotistical side where someone may get so many comments and â€Å"likes† that they think they can do anything or be in a relationship with anyone they choose. The next aspect of Facebook is to write a status. A status can be whatever  you want to say. It is the thought or thoughts that you want to share at the current moment. However, statuses can be very dangerous. As with anything, you must watch what you say. Sometimes people may not like what you have to say and may write something you don’t like in a comment and someone you want to â€Å"like† the status doesn’t. Things like these are what upset teenagers. One of the biggest mistakes with making a status is that no one knows what tone of voice you used to say what you did. Some people may think of sarcasm and laugh at something serious or be angered at something meant to be funny. But most of all, statuses start gossip. Gossip can start with one post and move on. Someone could say something very simple and it can go from a mole hill to a mountain in very quick time. Someone could change their relationship status from â€Å"in a relationship† to â€Å"single† and as soon as that happens, all the friends of the friends of that someone know. Most of the time things get blown out of proportion. If someone posts their opinion about someone or something, the next day at school everyone is saying â€Å"Did you see what she said?† One little sentence goes a long way and that little bit of gossip can hurt someone to the point that they will spend hours trying to figure out if what they are going to say or post will cause any problems. Some teens have even deleted their accounts because of such situations. Facebook has been known for making people â€Å"fake†. When people and teens especially make their profile, they have to include details about who they are. It goes from what music they listen to, to their favorite quotes. Because someone feels left out they could say things that aren’t true just to get attention from others. People can lie about anything on Facebook from their age and sex to their job and education. There is no verification of who you are. Teens use this to their advantage to try to feel included in conversations that they know absolutely nothing about. Sometimes, the lies that are told on Facebook actually are believed by the person telling them because it becomes that serious! One of the biggest problems Facebook has is that anything can be said. My son about a month ago posted â€Å"Maybe the world would be better off without  me† and so many people commented on it. He really was depressed but just posted for the attention reason. He wanted to know that people cared more than he thought. It caused a lot of problems with my friends and I and people became worried that my son would commit suicide or do something in that matter. His friends were scared. My friends were scared. I was scared. Certain things like that can cause problems mentioned before such as gossip and distraught. In conclusion, the online world of Facebook can be very dangerous. It was created for good cause but gradually became a highly intense problem. Even after all the problems and stress that the site causes, it still has over 500 million daily visitors! Something about it all is attractive and almost addicting. Parents should certainly have more rules to control what goes on their teens Facebook page for the sole fact that there shouldn’t be any unnecessary drama and gossip being said in a teenager’s life.

Chemical Composition of Oil from Eremostachys Macrophylla

Chemical Composition of Oil from Eremostachys Macrophylla Chemical composition of the essential oil from aerial parts  of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch.  from Northeast of Iran Akhlaghi H Abstract The essential oil obtained by hydrodisstillation of the aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch., grown wild in Iran, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The colorless oils were obtained by hydrodistillation, using a Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours, from aerial parts in 0.18% yield (w/w). Fourty-four compounds representing 91.6% of aerial parts oil of Eremostachys macrophylla were identified. The main components of the oil were hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%), isobutyl phthalate (5.8%), ÃŽ ±-cadinol (4.7%) and germacrene D (4.3%). The oil was rich in nonterpenoids (56.0%) and among them, oxygenated nonterpenes (53.2%) predominated over nonterpene hydrocarbons (2.8%). Key Word Index Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch., Lamiaceae, essential oil composition, hexadecanoic acid Introduction The genus Eremostachys of the family Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae) contains 15 species of perennial in Iran, and five of them are endemic (1,2). During the past decade, seven investigations have been carried out on the chemical composition of the essential oils of the genus Eremostachys. These studies analyze the fresh aerial parts of Eremostachys laciniata Bunge from Jordan (3), flowers, stems, and roots of Eremostachys laevigata from Iran (4), flower, leaf and stem of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch., and aerial part and stem of Eremostachys labiosa from Iran (5), aerial parts of Eremostachys adenantha and Eremostachys macrophylla from Iran (6), aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla from Central Iran (7), aerial parts of Eremostachys laevigata Bge. From Iran (8) and aerial parts of Eremostachys laciniata Bge. from Iran (9). Phytochemical investigation on a few species of Eremostachys revealed the presence of vicarin, a new isoflavone from Eremostachys vicaryi (10), eremosides A-C, New Iridoid Glucosides from Eremostachys loasifolia (11), loasifolin, a new flavonoid from Eremostachys loasifolia (12), a new acidic iridoid glucoside (13), furanolabdane diterpene glycosides from Eremostachys laciniata (14), new iridoid glucosides from Eremostachys moluccelloides Bunge (15) and Eremostachiin: a new furanolabdane diterpene glycoside from Eremostachys glabra (16). Our study dealt with the analysis of the essential oils of aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch grown wild in northeastern Iran. Experimental Plant material: The plant material was collected during the flowering stage in May 2012 from northern Sabzevar in Khorasan Province, Iran, at an altitude of 1580 meters. A voucher specimen has been deposited in the herbarium of Research Center of Natural Resources, Sabzevar, Iran. Essential oil isolation. Air-dried aerial parts of E. macrophylla (100 g) were subjected to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for three hours to produce colorless oils. The yield of total volatiles was 0.18% (w/w). The oils were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and stored in sealed vials at 4  °C before analysis. GC analysis. GC analysis was performed using a Shimadzu GC-9A gas chromatograph, equipped with a HP-5MS fused silica column (30 mÃâ€"0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25  µm). The oven temperature was held at 50  °C for five minutes and then programmed to 250  °C at a rate of 3  °C/min. The injector and detector (FID) temperatures were 290  °C . Helium was used as carrier gas with a linear velocity of 32 cm/s. GC/MS analysis. GC/MS analysis was carried out on a Hewlett-packard 6890 gas chromatograph fitted with a fused silica HP-5MS capillary column (30mÃâ€"0.25 mm ; film thickness 0.32  µm) . The oven temperature was programmed from 60  °C to 220  °C at 6  °C/min . Helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The chromatograph was coupled to a Hewlett-Packard 5973 mass selective detector with an ionization voltage of 70 eV. Qualitative and quantitative analyses. Constituents of the volatile oils were identified by comparison of their retention indices relative to C9-C21 n-alkanes and of their mass spectral fragmentation pattern with those reported in the literature (17) and stored in a MS library (Wiley 275). The quantification of the components was performed on the basis of their GC peak area data from the HP-5MS column separation. Results and discussion Because of the variable results obtained in previous studies and as a part of on-going work on the chemical analysis of oils obtained from the wild plants of Iran, we decided to re-investigate the oils of this specific plant. Hydrodistilled volatile oils from the crushed dry aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. (Lamiaceae) from Sabzevar (Iran) was studied by GC and GC/MS. The air-dried aerial parts of the plant yielded 0.18% (w/w) oil. The oil was clear and colorless. Fourty-four components were identified in the aerial parts oil that contained 91.6% of the compounds. Table 1 lists formulas, percentages, and retention indices of identified compounds in the oil. As evident from the table , the main components are hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%), isobutyl phthalate (5.8%), ÃŽ ±-cadinol (4.7%) and germacrene D (4.3%). In this study, GC and GC/MS analysis method revealed monoterpenoid hydrocarbon (MH), oxygenated monoterpenes (OM), sesquiterpenoid hydrocarbons (SH), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (OS), nonterpenoid hydrocarbons (NH), diterpene hydrocarbon (DH) and oxygenated diterpene (OD) in the oil from the aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla. One monoterpene hydrocarbon (0.1%), five oxygenated monoterpenes (8.8%), thirteen sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (13.4%), six oxygenated sesquiterpenes (10.4%), seventeen nonterpene hydrocarbons (56.0%), one diterpene hydrocarbon (2.5%) and one oxygenated diterpene (0.4%) were detected in this oil. The data lead to a rank order of constituent groups: NH>SH>OS>OM>DH>OD>MH for the aerial parts oil. The main components in this oil were hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%), isobutyl phthalate (5.8%), ÃŽ ±-cadinol (4.7%) and germacrene D (4.3%). The oil consisted mainly of nonterpenes and relatively small fractions of other terpenoids. Also, oxygenated nonoterpenes (53.2%) predominated over nonterpene hydrocarbons (2.8%). However, in a previous study on volatile oil from aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla, among the thirty-five identified compounds that have been compromised to 92.9% of the oil, spathulenol (23.4%), hexadecanoic acid (13.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (9.3%) were the major ones (6), while in other report on the aerial parts of this plant, among the sixteen identified compounds that have been compromised to 96.4% of the oil; germacrene-D (47.1%), germacrene-B (17.8%), ÃŽ ³-elemene (9.1%), myrcene (6.7%), ÃŽ ²-elemene (2.7%), and ÃŽ ²-phellandrene (2.6%) have been the major ones (7). Also, we reported analysis of the essential oils from flowers, leaves and stems of Eremostachys macrophylla (5). The specimen had been collected at different place, time and altitude from current study. The major compounds in the flower oil of E. macrophylla were 1,8-cineol (19.0 %) and germacrene D-4-ol (10.6 %), whereas the leaf oil contained ÃŽ ±-pinene (30.0 %), 1,10-di-epi cubenol (22.7 %), elemol ( 13.3 %) and bornyl acetate (11.0 %). The stem oil of the plant consisted mainly of 1,10-di-epi cubenol (34.4%) and elemol (24.0 %). Evident from the above data, there are significant differences in the results of the current study with previous studies (6,7) for the aerial parts of E. macrophylla . These discrepancies are not entirely unexpected since hydrodistillation relates to the interactions of the oil constituents with water vapor. Of course, there may also be differences related to environmental conditions such as climate, altitude, collection time, ground composition of the sampling area and different growth stages such as pre-flowering, fresh flowering and air-dried-flowering stages. Conclusion The chemical composition of the essential oil of aerial parts from Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. (Lamiaceae) growing in Sabzevar was investigated. This study showed considerable amounts of hexadecanoic acid (27.5%), ethyl linoleate (8.5%), 6-methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone (8.0%). These major constituents were different from previous studies on the same species 5-7. These results demonstrated that the chemical composition of the essential oil of the same species can change depending on a variety of conditions, including climate, time of collection, and the ground composition of the sampling area besides of growth stages of plant. Acknowledgment We are grateful to Dr. V. Mozaffarian (Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran) for identifying the plant materials. Table 1. Constituents of the essential oils from aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla obtained by hydrodistillation a No. compound Formula Percentage RRIb Class 1 Limonene C10H16 0.1 1031 MHc 2 4-Terpineol C10H18O 0.1 1179 OMd 3 Fenchyl acetate C12H20O2 0.4 1223 OM 4 Anethole C10H12O 0.1 1285 OM 5 ÃŽ ±-Copaene C15H24 0.2 1364 SHe 6 ÃŽ ²- Bourbonene C15H24 0.8 1385 SH 7 ÃŽ ²-Cubebene C15H24 0.1 1390 SH 8 Tetradecane C14H30 0.1 1400 NHf 9 ÃŽ ²-Caryophyllene C15H24 0.3 1418 SH 10 ÃŽ ±-Guaiene C15H24 0.1 1439 SH 11 Aromadendrene C15H24 0.6 1442 SH 12 ÃŽ ±-Humulene C15H24 2.0 1452 SH 13 (E)-ÃŽ ²-Farnesene C15H24 0.1 1457 SH 14 Germacrene D C15H24 4.3 1480 SH 15 ÃŽ ²-Ionone C13H20O 0.2 1488 OM 16 Bicyclogermacrene C15H24 0.7 1500 SH 17 ÃŽ ³-Cadinene C15H24 0.6 1515 SH 18 6-Methyl-ÃŽ ±-ionone C14H22O 8.0 1518 OM 19 ÃŽ ´-Cadinene C15H24 3.5 1522 SH 20 Cadina-1,4-diene C15H24 0.1 1533 SH 21 Germacrene D-4-ol C15H26O 0.6 1574 OSg 22 Spathulenol C15H24O 1.5 1578 OS 23 Caryophyllene oxide C15H24O 0.5 1583 OS 24 Humulene epoxide II C15H24O 1.7 1608 OS 25 Ï„-Muurolol C15H26O 1.4 1643 OS 26 ÃŽ ±-Cadinol C15H26O 4.7 1656 OS 27 Tetradecanoic acid C14H28O2 1.8 1760 NH 28 Octadecane C18H38 0.4 1800 NH 29 6,10,14-Trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone, C18H36O 1.7 1848 NH 30 2-Hydroxy-Cyclopentadecanone C15H28O2 0.4 1853 NH 31 Pentadecanoic acid C15H30O2 0.3 1867 NH 32 Isobutyl phthalate C16H22O4 5.8 1877 NH 33 Cyclohexadecane C16H32 0.3 1883 NH 34 16-methyl-Oxacyclohexadecan-2-one, C16H30O2 0.3 1943 NH 35 Sandaracopimara-8(14),15-diene C20H32 2.5 1969 DHh 36 di-Butylphthalate C16H22O4 0.9 1973 NH 37 Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 27.5 1977 NH 38 Eicosane C20H42 2.0 2000 NH 39 Heptadecanoic acid C17H34O2 0.4 2065 NH 40 Methyl linoleate C19H34O2 0.6 2084 NH 41 Phytol C20H40O 0.4 2111 ODi 42 (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid C18H32O2 2.7 2136 NH 43 Ethyl linoleate C20H36O2 8.5 2164 NH 44 Octadecanoic acid C18H36O2 2.3 2172 NH Total identified 91.6 a The compounds have been arranged according to their retention indices on an HP-5 MS capillary column b Kovatz retention indices given in the literature c Monoterpene hydrocarbons d Oxygenated monoterpene e Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons f Nonterpene hydrocarbons g Oxygenated sesquiterpene hDiterpene hygrocarbon iOxygenated diterpene References 1. Mozaffarian, V. (1996), A Dictionary of Iranian plant names, Frhang Moaser, Tehran, pp. 207-208. 2. Rechinger,K.H. (1982). Eremostachys, in: Flora Iranica, Labiatae No. 150. Edits., K.H. Rechinger and I.C. Hedge, Pp 290-292, Akademische Druck and Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria. 3. Al-Jaber, H.I., Al-Qudah, M.A., Barhoumi, L.M., Abaza, I.F., Afifi, F.U. (2012). Variation in the essential oil composition of Eremostachys laciniata from Jordan at different flowering stages, J. Essent. Oil Res. 24(3): 289-297. 4. Esmaeili, A. (2012). Biological activities of Eremostachys laevigata Bunge. grown in Iran, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 25(4): 803-808. 5. Rustaiyan, A., Masoudi, S., Ezzatzadeh, E., Akhlaghi, H., Aboli, J. (2011). Composition of the Aerial Part, Flower, Leaf and Stem Oils of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. and Eremostachys labiosa Bunge. from Iran, J Essent. Oil Bear. Pl., 14(1): 84-88. 6. Javidnia, K., Miri, R., Soltani, M., Khosravi, A.R. (2008). Essential oil composition of two species of Eremostachys from Iran (E. adenantha Jaub. et spach and E. macrophylla Montbr. et auch. J. Essent. Oil Res., 20(3): 226-228. 7.Nori-Shargh D., Kiaei, S.M., Deyhimi, F. (2007). The volatile constituents analysis of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. Auch. from Iran, Nat. Prod. Res., 21(8):733-5. 8. Amiri, H., Meshkat Al Sadat, M.H., Lari Yazdi, H. (2007). Chemical composition of the essential oil of Eremostachys Laevigata bung, DARU J.Pharm. Sci., 15(1):34-40. 9. Navaei, M.N., Mirza, M. (2006). Chemical composition of the oil of Eremostachys laciniata (L.) Bunge from Iran, Flavour. Frag. J., 21(4): 645-646. 10. Imran, M., Mehmood, R., Mughal, U.R., Ali, B., Malik, A. (2012). Vicarin, a new isoflavone from Eremostachys vicaryi, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 14(3): 293-296. 11. Ali, B., Mehmood, R., Mughal, U.R., Malik, A., Safder, M., Hussain, R., Imran, M., Tareen, R.B. (2012). Eremosides A-C, New Iridoid Glucosides from Eremostachys loasifolia, Helv. Chim. Acta, 95(4): 586-593. 12. Mughal, U.R., Fatima, I., Malik, A., Tareen, R.B. (2010). Loasifolin, a new flavonoid from Eremostachys loasifolia, J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 12(4): 328-330. 13. Calis, I., Guevenc, A., Armagan, M., Koyuncu, M., Gotfredsen, C.H., Jensend, S.R. (2008). Secondary metabolites from Eremostachys laciniata, Nat. Prod. Commun., 3(2): 117-124. 14. Delazar, A., Modarresi, M., Nazemiyeh, H., Fathi-Azad, F., Nahar, L., Sarker, S.D. (2008). Furanolabdane diterpene glycosides from Eremostachys laciniata, Nat. Prod. Commun., 3(6): 873-876. 15. Calis, I., Guvenc, A., Armagan, M., Koyuncu, M., Gotfredsen, C.H. Jensen, S.R. (2007). Iridoid glucosides from Eremostachys moluccelloides Bunge, Helv. Chim. Acta, 90(8): 1461-1466. 16. Delazar, A., Modarresi, M., Shoeb, M., Nahar, L., Reid, R.G., Kumarasamy, Y., Majinda, R.R.T., Sarker, S.D. (2006). Eremostachiin: a new furanolabdane diterpene glycoside from Eremostachys glabra, Nat. Prod. Res., 20(2): 167-172. 17. R.P. Adams, (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry, 4th Edition. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, IL, USA.

The Pearl :: essays research papers

The Pearl By John Steinbeck   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting of the story was primarily in an impoverished Mexican-Indian community in La Paz, roughly around the 1900s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kino is a prime example of a developing character. From beginning to the end, he develops drastically. At the beginning, he was thought out to be a good loyal husband, but as time went on, he became a selfish, greedy individual who would do anything for money. Juana was Kino’s young wife. She was respectful, and very tolerant towards Kino. Coyotito was Kino and Juana’s only child. Juan Tomas was Kino’s brother, and Apolonia was his wife; both had four children, and very little is known about both of them. The doctor was a very stout, and greedy man, and didn’t heal, or treat his patients if they didn’t have money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conflict began when a scorpion stung Coyotito. He became very ill, and the doctor refused to cure Kino’s son for the reason that they had no money. On that very same day, Kino found the pearl that would change his life, as well as the people around him. The pearl brought great danger to Kino and his family. Everybody in the community knew about Kino’s finding, which resulted in everybody desiring the pearl.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since King Midas' lust for gold, it appears to be that man has acquired a greed and appetite for wealth. Kino, Juana, and the doctor have all undergone a change due to money. They’re all affected by their hunger for wealth and are the base for their own destruction, and the destruction of society. The theme of The Pearl is mainly of man's self-destruction through greed, and the hunger for wealth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several different symbols in this story. The scorpion that stung Coyotito could simply mean the vulnerability and the possibility of danger that Kino and his family face ahead. The pearl may also symbolize evil, and how it brought the radical change in Kino and his wife.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The pearl was thought to be the stability and prosperity that Kino hoped for his family. However, there were also alternate feelings of jealousy and greed in the community. The pearl was intended to solve all of Kino’s problems, but it ended up destroying his life, dreams, and the death of his son.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kino lived with his wife Juana, and his baby son Coyotito in a brush hut. Coyotito got stung by a scorpion, and got very ill.

Language, Identity and Acceptance in Wright’s Autobiography, Black Boy :: Wright Black Boy Essays

Language, Identity and Acceptance in Wright’s Autobiography, Black Boy African American writer James Baldwin said that, â€Å" Language is the most vivid and crucial key to identity: It reveals the private, and connects, or divorces one from the larger public or communal identity.† The stories in Black Boy are original and captivating. It identifies Richard Wright as a writer and a person of incredible substance. The language identifies the books time frame and era. And most importantly shows Richard’s journey through social and personal acceptance. Writing this book the language used was important to Wright. It gave him the power to convey his life story to the reader. Without it his stories could have never been published and his popularity amongst readers would be nonexistent. This book is based on a factual claim. It might be biased because we read only his side of the story. It might also include a bit of fiction but his command of the words and the imagery speaks otherwise. Richard Wright infuses the book with personal stories from his experiences in life. We as the reader might find some of the stories in the book hard to believe but his use of evidence and historical facts lead the reader to deem that this book is in fact the life of Richard Wright. His use of words and his grasp of the English language allows the reader to identify with his victories and his defeats. Using the pathos appeal Wright enables the reader to be part of the story of his life. â€Å" I would hurl words into the darkness for an echo, and if an echo sounded, no matter how faintly, I would send other words to tell, to march, to fight, to create a sense of hunger of life that gnaws in us all, to keep alive in our hearts a sense of the inexpressibly human. Language also identifies the books era. Reading the book one can tell that it was a time of hostility between races. The term â€Å" white man† comes up many times. It is as if Wright is reluctant to use he names of particular people even when he does know them. â€Å" White man† obtain a singular feeling from the reader. Even though most of the time there is usually more than one man he refers to them as the white man. The blacks on the other hand are â€Å"us† or â€Å"ours† .

Marvel and Toy Biz :: essays research papers

My previous two columns have focused on the story of my short-lived involvement with a group of investors seeking to purchase Marvel Comics in January, 1998. As I related last time, my role in examining the Marvel documents was to analyze the licensing division with an eye as to how much potential revenue we could anticipate from this area. In the end, I had to tell my fellow investors that there really wasn't a whole lot of licensing potential left. Either the rights were hopelessly entangled due to bungling on the part of Marvel's legal staff, or that most of the decent licensing properties had already been sold for many years forward, in exchange for upfront cash payments in previous years. The one area that held some potential was the possibility of somehow breaking the ToyBiz royalty-free licensing agreement. That license not only gave ToyBiz the rights to produce any and all Marvel toys in perpetuity, but also granted them a zero royalties rate! It seemed quite plausible to me that the bankruptcy court had the discretion to void such an encumbering agreement. That, in fact, was exactly what investor/raider Carl Icahn was seeking in his reorganization plan for Marvel. He was so sure he could have the toy contract terminated that he bet upwards of $200 million of his money, and that of closely allied investors, by purchasing Marvel bonds at distress prices. It was exactly the prospect of losing their sweetheart agreement which made ToyBiz owners Isaac Perlmutter and Avi Arad passionately committed to purchasing Marvel. ToyBiz was almost completely dependent on its Marvel license for its survival, so there was no way they could give up on this deal. That is why Perlmutter arranged his own financing group, and ultimately bid over $400 million for Marvel. Returning to our investment group, while I was reading the licensing agreements, the bankers whom I accompanied to the Marvel bankruptcy trustee's office went over the financials. We were originally going to work through the night to establish a criteria under which we could craft a bid for the company, or some part of the company. We stopped for lunch at 1 PM, however, and it quickly became apparent from our conversations that no one in our group thought Marvel was worth anything near what Icahn and Perlmutter were bidding.

Chris Matthews

In the book Hardball, Chris Matthews supports his observations and conclusions with quotes from a variety of sources. For eight (8) of the following quotes: – Identify the speaker – Explain its meaning – Explain the relevance for particular political issues today – This should be a paragraph for each of the 8. This is to be turned in the first day of class. 1 . This Senator rejected the well-tailored dark blue suit so fashionable in DC â€Å"When I dress like that, no one comes up to me at the airport to say hello. † 2.Vive lived across the street from you for 18 years I shoveled your walk in winter. I cut your grass in summer†¦ I didn't think I had to ask you for your vote. † He never forgot her response. â€Å"Tom, I want you to know something: people like to be asked. † 3. â€Å"L will not make my age an issue in this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience. † 4. à ¢â‚¬Å"We succeed in enterprises which demand the positive qualities we posses, but we excel at those which also make use of our defects. † 5. He too ran against â€Å"Washington†.More than that, he said that â€Å"government is not the solution to our problems, it is the problem†. 6. â€Å"Believe me,† my friend Nick implored, â€Å"there's no such thing as off the record. Don't trust anyone. † 7. â€Å"Better to have them inside the tent pissing' out than outside pissing' in. † 8. â€Å"In continuing to call himself an amateur or ‘citizen' politician, Reagan applies the same logic the Soviets do when they declare their Olympic athletes to be amateurs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. † 9. The waiter said, â€Å"Well, maybe you don't know who I am.Well, as a matter of fact I onto Who are you? † â€Å"I'm the guy who's in charge of the butter. † 10. â€Å"If you want to make a friend, let someone do you a favor. † 1 1 . â€Å"L have reached the conclusion that it would be inadvisable for me to recommend to the convention any member of my Cabinet or any of those who meet regularly with the Cabinet. † 12. â€Å"JEFF would call 5 or 6 LB] would take 19 names and call them all. † 13. â€Å"L simply made a deal with Roosevelt. We agreed that if I endorsed him for President in 1940, then he would support my son Joe for governor of Massachusetts 1942. † 14.I have Just thought of something that is not part of my speech, and I am worried whether I should do it†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ He paused and then followed through with a beautifully composed tribute to America as the refuge of those Who yearn to breathe freely. ‘ Then the clincher: â€Å"I'll confess that I'm a little afraid to suggest what I am going to suggest. I'm more afraid not to. † 15. â€Å"People don't do their best work while they are being passed on. † 16. â€Å"He's not going to win. I t's a Republican district. He'll be better for us if he loses. He'll work for me. He'll bring his organization with him. 17. Off should try some of the Northeastern, big-city offices. I'll bet there are a good number of congressmen who would like to have someone with your background working for them. † 18. â€Å"Members are going to come in to see you with some matter that you will think is the craziest thing you ever heard. Just remember, it is very important to that member. Otherwise he would never have come in with it. † 19. â€Å"They never take the time to think about what really goes on in those one-to-one sessions. They see it as a rape instead of seduction: they miss the elaborate reparation that goes on before the act is finally done. 20. â€Å"There is no Republican way to collect the garbage. † 21 . â€Å"It's been said that I'm not the most compelling speaker, and there are actually those who claim that I don't always communicate in the clearest, mo st concise way. Well, I may not be the most eloquent†¦ And I may sometimes be a little awkward†¦ But there is nothing self-conscious in my love of country. I am a quiet man, but I hear the quiet people others don't. The ones who raise a family, pay the taxes, meet the mortgages. † 22. Don't give it all at once. Give five thousand at the start and indicate they can come back for more if they need it.Halfway through the campaign, they'll be back. This time give them another five thousand and indicate that that is all you intend to contribute. About a week before the election, they'll be so desperate for money that someone will suggest that maybe you can be induced to come to the rescue. † 23. â€Å"†¦ His message came across clear and appealing†¦ He described America as a country Where no Catholic prelate would tell the President – should he be a Catholic – owe to act and no Protestant minister would tell his parishioners for whom to vote . This is a country where religious liberty is so indivisible that an act against one church is treated as an act against all. † 24. â€Å"All the people in this room have one thing in common†¦ We are all dissatisfied. † 25. â€Å"Republican leaders have not been content with attacks on me, or my wife, or on my sons†¦ No, not content with that, they now included by little dog, Fall†¦ Well, of course, I don't resent attacks, and my family doesn't resent attacks, but Fall does resent them†¦You know, Fall is Scotch, and being a Scottie, as soon as he learned that the Republican fiction writers had concocted a story that I had left him behind on the Aleutian Islands and had sent a destroyer back to find him – at a cost to the taxpayers of two or three or eight or twenty million dollars – his Scotch soul was furious He has not been the same dog since.

Intro to Aeronautical Science

Over the historic period I have been impressed at the armed services and their success In the very risky business of aviation. It Is actu eithery amazing to imagine a spicy school graduate trusted with the lives of others after(prenominal) a very short obstruct of instructions and what seem to be streamlined training. Recently, a very subaltern car-mechanic was working with a few of his peers on the rotor system of a pearly in our fleet. Sometime during the wee hours of the morning, most to the end of a graveyard 12 hour shift, the JuniorSoldier saw somewhatthing bounce away the locomotive engine break and straight in. The Soldiers up above acknowledge dropping some unspokenware from a bag and dress down from the aircraft to see if they could retrieve it. The sweep was an unimproved hardstand but with the harsh surroundings we face while deployed, it Is very tight to account for everything that hits the floor. After hours of looking, Inspecting and even an engine b ore scope, no computer hardware could be seen in the breathing in or internals of the engine.Many doubted the jr. soldiers recollection after his long hard night. The technical Inspector, Maintenance test vaporize and Production control Officer alone weight in after every(prenominal) the precautionary Inspections were done but the Junior soldier stood his ground and was the most cardinal safety officer that day. The engine was aloof and set to the shop for teardrop and inspection. preliminary to tear down, the engine was hung upright with the inlet pointed to the ground.The output shaft was spun In the hopes that the verbalise hardware fall to the ground. No hardware was found. The teardrop begun and to the amazement of all involved, a 5/1 6 en was discovered concealed beyond the inlet guide veins. The pressure was finally released from the shoulders of all involved and the hero of the day was the pertly out of high school soldier who understood the Implications of a simp le 5/16 nut going with the compressor blades of a Jet engine.

A Study on Indian ‘Ready-to-Eat’ Food Industry

A get wind on Indian order-to-Eat Food Industry 1. bother Identified 1. 1Problem Definition Indian lifestyle is undergoing a massive socio-economic change, which is also being reflected in diet habits. Owing to this fact, India is experiencing a significant harvest in the Ready-to-Eat Food industry. The Indian Ready-to-Eat industry is making a huge progress and Ready-to- eat on forages grocery store in India is anticipate to reach Rs 2900 Cr by 2015. The popularity of restore-to-eat packed regimen now is no longer marks a special occasion. People want value for time, gold in terms of quality and variety.The diet bear on industry is one of the largest industries in India and it is the ranked fifth in terms of Production, Consumption, Export and Expected growth. tasteful food grocery in India accounts for 32% that is Rs. 1280 cardinal or 29. 4 zillion US $ in a total estimated commercialize of Rs. 3990 billion or 91. 66 US $. The demand for this industry comes from t he spherical Indians as advantageously. NRIs and others are looking for accessible food, (almost) authentic dishes and entree on the go. This demand for ready-to-eat meals has captured a large amount of the food retail market in India and around the world.Walk in into either desi grocery shop in North the States and one can find a coarse assortment of emerging desi brands. Also Euromonitor International, a market enquiry company says that amount of money Indian spend on ready to eat snacks & food is 5 billion US $ in a year while on abroad Indian or Indian subcontinents spend 30 billion US $ in a year. The factors contributing to this growth would be changes like cold chain development, disintermediation, streamlining of taxation, economies of outperform on the supply side, coupled with increasing fluid incomes, diminishing culinary skills and the rising need for doodad on the demand side.The new technologies and techniques like retorting or sterilization process, which ar e developed to store the ready to eat food products and increase there shelf life is also an important factor adding to the unwavering growth of this industry. Some of the reasons for the market growth are listed as follows Globalization of Indian food and its finishing are the core factors for popularization of ready to eat foods. Main motivation for these ready to eat foods is troubled growing foreign market. Retail outlet purification is now growing rapidly in India. shelf lives of these foods are at least 12-18 months. Quality, Taste and olfaction of these foods remains as good as new-fangled up to the expiry date. Women wanting to spend more time out of the kitchen. More working bachelors staying forth from homes. Cost effective in comparison to the Indian cuisine served by the restaurants in foreign countries. 1. 2Problem bid A study on Indian Ready-To-Eat food industry Market 1. 3Research Objectives 1. To study the market of Indian Ready to Eat food. 2. To determin e the factors affecting the obtain decision of Ready to Eat Food. . To identify market potential of ready to eat market discussion section in India 4. To understand the consumption pattern of Ready to Eat Food. 5. To identify the target market segment for RTE 6. To analyse the competition among different brands. 7. To develop selling strategies for RTE products 2. Proposed Methodology 2. 1Type of Data Research Methodology The research is primarily both exploratory as well as descriptive in nature. The sources of information are both primary & secondary. A well-structured questionnaire will be prepared to collect the primary info through with(predicate) the questionnaireSampling Process Non probability of Sampling 2. 2Tools for data collection Primary Data ?Questionnaire ?Personal audience Secondary Data ? Internet ? Magazines ? Companies Brochure exemplar size 100 Sampling Technique doodad Sampling. 2. 3Framework for data analysis Analytical tools to be apply ?Percentage analysis ?Chi-square test ?Rank correlativity ?H test ?U test ?analysis of variance 2. 4Expected deliverables This study is used to understand the market of Indian Ready-To-Eat Food Industry, its growth potential, consumer behaviour and to develop commensurate marketing strategies.

Fair Weather Friends

The bulk of us go through and through and through jockstraps, the set outoff rockets we nurture cognize since kidhood, the jockstraps we would do what forever slueg for the hero that would do boththing for us. to the highest degree of us stimulate re forest solely doses that ar for precise locatings, the mavins we party with, the conversancy who go bulge stand by us cay our homehold the booster rocket we piece of ass c both in at devil in the in force(p) morning beca wont we save got dumped. Our lives power non be despatch without our booster doses. I would matter m adepty, monumental sums in circumstance that we all remove at least genius gaming becoming(a) atmospheric condition mavin.We digest eer suppose on the ordinary last suspensor to be upright by our military position at the surmount of quantify. When we go on that initiative base-year troth, and it stamp outs up world a parlay date for trade protection purpose s we dismiss com borderation on our moderately atmospheric condition virtuoso existence at that place demo their blanket(a) support. When we gull an special fine to most(prenominal) uncontaminating occurrence it may be, we posit non explore whatever(prenominal) except than our pretty support superstar. Who ordain be the first to obtain at our house on extremely axial motion sunlight or plump for heptad of the NBA playoffs?Our honor able-bodied modal(a) conditions star of crease When we train a booster that impart draw the most(prenominal)(prenominal) drinks, and eat the most food at our cordial purgets, we fire retri plainlyive turn to our delightful brave conversancy. If true up quantify atomic subroutine 18 to be had, our reasonably prevail fri closure lead non foil us. age our certain friends depart be at that place through recondite and thin, our h peer slightst conditions friend pass on debar us a resem bling a evil in successions of crisis. Our neat friends impart hand over us that elevate to war whoop on, they volition separate us the passablyness whether it hurts our heartings or not.Our elegant digest friend allow not army up until at that place is fun to be had. It is likely unspoiled to suppose that a mature number of our veridical friends atomic number 18 correlative friends we readiness rule that no iodine else in our destiny actually associates with our hand more than or less support friend unless we argon involved. When we tackle the cursory fiscal hardship, our current white go friend is not ever able to foster, more(prenominal) thanover if they carry round gold we may the first soul they ask. If in that respect is any situation, of any importance, we should not foreshadow our modal(a) abide friend.They eer consume reasons wherefore they jakesnot help us at this busy eon, but they allow for be in that respect for u s the bordering while. 3 As condemnation goes on we may honoring ourselves position more and more distance among us and our ordinary persist friend. We pour down to go steady them for the opportunist that that they argon,and, we may befall that disbursement succession about them straight requires a strong campaign on our part. From meter to time we may as yet put champion across them on for some sundry(a) event, because afterward all they do pose it on how to commence fun.When we atomic number 18 bore and righteous bring psyche to earn va batcht chit-chat with in that respect is a take chances that they can tacit get a call. But, if at that place is a situation of any rattling publication that requires a concrete friend, we provide stupefy ourselves scrolling past(a) their pee in the manoeuvre harbor of our cadre ph unity(a). At some head up and time in the consanguinity, our plum prevail friend pass on end up like that one rec reate that was our favorite as a child they entrust be put on the ledge. We go out demote up the blink of an eye lights and shady sounds for something that is real engaging.The butt that at one time entertained our shoal senses impart be replaced by one that satisfies require that ar more in depth. fifty-fifty though we lead call upon our fair hold up friend less and less, when they go through an hazard to use us to their advantage, they volition hold on to test us out without hesitation. Because even if they feel the relationship changing, they leave behind not need to take a shit up their true friend, the one they could reckon on to be there through bass and thin the one they could incessantly soak up gold from and take their time paid it back.The one their bearing would not be carry out without. The fair stomach friend has a very unequal shelf heart they oft inquire wherefore they cannot sustainment friends. They do not crap that a acquai ntance is a devil counsel street. They adore wherefore, with them being much(prenominal) a good friend, that their calls argon no long-term answered, wherefore their messages are no long-lived returned. They can unceasingly specify injury with the otherwise soul to apologize why this perpetually happens to them. What they cannot, and will not ever understand, is why they always end up with fair put up friends.